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I have seen hole theory of thermodynamics but almost nothing about the experiments that measure $\Delta G^\circ$. I know how to measure it by electrodes, when the reaction is a redox one. But what with other reactions?

What are the experimental ways to determine $\Delta G^\circ$? Some examples would be helpful

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Generally you measure the equilibrium constant $K$ and then convert it to $\Delta G^\circ$ (note that is change in standard free energy)

$ \Delta G^\circ = -RT \ln K $

In the case of redox reactions, this can be done with electrodes as you mention. For other reactions you usually use some spectroscopic technique (NMR, IRC, UV, etc) that can distinguish reactants from products, but calorimetry can also be used in certain cases.

Here is a video describing one example using UV.

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  • $\begingroup$ If we pick a different standard state (e.g. 2 bar instead of 1 bar) will the change in standard free energy change? $\endgroup$
    – Anton
    Commented Jun 5, 2021 at 11:29
  • $\begingroup$ If the number of particles change in the reaction, then yes. Otherwise, no. $\endgroup$
    – Jan Jensen
    Commented Jun 7, 2021 at 8:55

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