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I was reading N.C.E.R.T. class XI part 2 book and chapter Hydrogen,when I came across this statement:

Loss of the electron from hydrogen atom results in nucleus ($\ce{H+}$) of ~1.510–3 pm size. This is extremely small as compared to normal atomic and ionic sizes of 50 to 200pm. As a consequence, H+ does not exist freely and is always associated with other atoms or molecules.

So a question arose in my mind that why it is a consequence of small size of hydrogen nucleus that $\ce{H+}$ does not exist freely and is always associated with other atoms and molecules?

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The way I understand it is (and my understanding is by no means perfect, or complete), as you pointed out correctly: a hydrogen ion is in fact a proton. The proton is a "bare charge" and as you rightly said, "tiny". a This makes it extremely reactive (in a sense), and thus in a chemical system of any sort would immediately seek out and associate with the electron clouds of a surrounding molecule.

For instance, in an aqueous solution it forms $\ce{H_3O+}$ (hydronium ion, which are further solvated by water molecules and form a manner of aggregates).

An extremely interesting way of looking at it was pointed out in the comments (just putting it here, so no one misses it)

An interesting way to thinking about the reactivity of a bare proton is to calculate its charge density and compare with other monocations, such as Li+. This will make it clear why free protons will abstract electrons from just about anything. – Nicolau Saker Neto

Do note (as far as I know, someone might correct me if I am wrong) free protons are fairly stable (by free I mean not bound to electrons or other nucleons) and usually don't decay into other particles. They exist in several naturally occurring situations, high energy plasmas come to mind.

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    $\begingroup$ Free protons are extremely if not indefinitely stable to nuclear decay, with a half-life of at least about $10^{35}$ years. An interesting way to thinking about the reactivity of a bare proton is to calculate its charge density and compare with other monocations, such as $\ce{Li+}$. This will make it clear why free protons will abstract electrons from just about anything. $\endgroup$
    – Nicolau Saker Neto
    Commented Jun 7, 2015 at 14:22
  • $\begingroup$ Nicolau, thank you for your comment, and I do prefer your way of looking at the problem, hence I have edited and added it to my answer. hope you don't mind $\endgroup$
    – getafix
    Commented Jun 7, 2015 at 14:26
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    $\begingroup$ Sure, no problem at all. I actually wound up discussing it a long time ago, in this answer. $\endgroup$
    – Nicolau Saker Neto
    Commented Jun 7, 2015 at 14:37

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