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edited Jun 11, 2020 at 10:20

[Energy ordering:] (1s) (2s, 2p) (3s, 3p) (3d) (4s, 4p) (4d) (4f) ...

If the electron being considered is in an ns or np orbital, then electrons in the next lowest shell (i.e. that with (n-1)) each contribute 0.85 to $S$. Those electrons in lower shells (i.e. (n-2) and lower) contribute 1.00 to $S$.
If the electron being considered is in an ns or np orbital, then electrons in the next lowest shell (i.e. that with (n-1)) each contribute 0.85 to $S$. Those electrons in lower shells (i.e. (n-2) and lower) contribute 1.00 to $S$.

If the electron being considered is in an nd or nf orbital, all electrons below it in energy contribute 1.00 to $S$ [the shielding constant]. (p. 262)

If the electron being considered is in an nd or nf orbital, all electrons below it in energy contribute 1.00 to $S$ [the shielding constant]. (p. 262)

...there is a downwards kink in the [s-block] orbital energy on moving from the 3s to the 4s [orbitals]. [...] This difference is due to the filling of the 3d orbitals between calcium and gallium. The effects of all the extra protons in the nucleus is to cause an additional lowering in the energy of the valence orbitals for the p-block elements in Period 4. However, the effect is not really drastic: the 4s and 4p orbitals in gallium do not seem to have experienced the full effect of the ten extra protons. We interpret this by saying that the effect of the extra protons on the orbital energies of the 4s and 4p has, to a large extent, been cancelled out by the electrons that have been added in the 3d orbitals.

We could rephrase all of this by looking at the problem from the perspective of effective nuclear charges rather than orbital energies. The increase in Z$_\text{eff}$ for gallium is slightly greater than might have been expected by comparison with boron and aluminium because of the filling of the d-block. (p. 266)

...between scandium (Sc) and copper (Cu) electrons are being added to 3d orbitals, and such electrons form an effective screen for the 4s electrons. To put it another way, as far as the 4s electrons are concerned, on moving from one element to the next between scandium and copper, the effect of the extra proton is largely cancelled out by the addition of the electron to the lower 3d orbital. Consequently the energy of the 4s falls rather slowly. (p. 261)

The outer electron in potassium occupies the 4s AO, rather than the 3d. This is because the 4s orbital penetrates to the nucleus more effectively than does the 3d, resulting in the energy of the 4s being lower than that of the 3d. [...] ...both the 3s and the 3p have subsidiary maxima close in to the nucleus, but the first maximum for the 3s is very much closer in. The 3d has no such subsidiary maxima, and therefore is much less penetrating than 3s or 3p. ...the electrons in the 4s do not screen the 3d particularly well since much of the electron density from the 4s is further out from the nucleus than that from the 3d.

From scandium onwards the energies of both the 4s and 3d AOs drop steadily: this is simply the result of the increase in nuclear charge not being quite offset by the increase in electron-electron repulsion. Put another way, the electrons in the 3d sub-shell do not screen one another particularly well. Although both AOs fall in energy, the 4s falls less steeply, which can be explained by noting that this AO is quite well screened by the 3d electrons, not least as these are in a lower shell. (p. 627)

[Energy ordering:] (1s) (2s, 2p) (3s, 3p) (3d) (4s, 4p) (4d) (4f) ...

If the electron being considered is in an ns or np orbital, then electrons in the next lowest shell (i.e. that with (n-1)) each contribute 0.85 to $S$. Those electrons in lower shells (i.e. (n-2) and lower) contribute 1.00 to $S$.

If the electron being considered is in an nd or nf orbital, all electrons below it in energy contribute 1.00 to $S$ [the shielding constant]. (p. 262)

...there is a downwards kink in the [s-block] orbital energy on moving from the 3s to the 4s [orbitals]. [...] This difference is due to the filling of the 3d orbitals between calcium and gallium. The effects of all the extra protons in the nucleus is to cause an additional lowering in the energy of the valence orbitals for the p-block elements in Period 4. However, the effect is not really drastic: the 4s and 4p orbitals in gallium do not seem to have experienced the full effect of the ten extra protons. We interpret this by saying that the effect of the extra protons on the orbital energies of the 4s and 4p has, to a large extent, been cancelled out by the electrons that have been added in the 3d orbitals.

We could rephrase all of this by looking at the problem from the perspective of effective nuclear charges rather than orbital energies. The increase in Z$_\text{eff}$ for gallium is slightly greater than might have been expected by comparison with boron and aluminium because of the filling of the d-block. (p. 266)

...between scandium (Sc) and copper (Cu) electrons are being added to 3d orbitals, and such electrons form an effective screen for the 4s electrons. To put it another way, as far as the 4s electrons are concerned, on moving from one element to the next between scandium and copper, the effect of the extra proton is largely cancelled out by the addition of the electron to the lower 3d orbital. Consequently the energy of the 4s falls rather slowly. (p. 261)

The outer electron in potassium occupies the 4s AO, rather than the 3d. This is because the 4s orbital penetrates to the nucleus more effectively than does the 3d, resulting in the energy of the 4s being lower than that of the 3d. [...] ...both the 3s and the 3p have subsidiary maxima close in to the nucleus, but the first maximum for the 3s is very much closer in. The 3d has no such subsidiary maxima, and therefore is much less penetrating than 3s or 3p. ...the electrons in the 4s do not screen the 3d particularly well since much of the electron density from the 4s is further out from the nucleus than that from the 3d.

From scandium onwards the energies of both the 4s and 3d AOs drop steadily: this is simply the result of the increase in nuclear charge not being quite offset by the increase in electron-electron repulsion. Put another way, the electrons in the 3d sub-shell do not screen one another particularly well. Although both AOs fall in energy, the 4s falls less steeply, which can be explained by noting that this AO is quite well screened by the 3d electrons, not least as these are in a lower shell. (p. 627)

[Energy ordering:] (1s) (2s, 2p) (3s, 3p) (3d) (4s, 4p) (4d) (4f) ...

If the electron being considered is in an ns or np orbital, then electrons in the next lowest shell (i.e. that with (n-1)) each contribute 0.85 to $S$. Those electrons in lower shells (i.e. (n-2) and lower) contribute 1.00 to $S$.

If the electron being considered is in an nd or nf orbital, all electrons below it in energy contribute 1.00 to $S$ [the shielding constant]. (p. 262)

...there is a downwards kink in the [s-block] orbital energy on moving from the 3s to the 4s [orbitals]. [...] This difference is due to the filling of the 3d orbitals between calcium and gallium. The effects of all the extra protons in the nucleus is to cause an additional lowering in the energy of the valence orbitals for the p-block elements in Period 4. However, the effect is not really drastic: the 4s and 4p orbitals in gallium do not seem to have experienced the full effect of the ten extra protons. We interpret this by saying that the effect of the extra protons on the orbital energies of the 4s and 4p has, to a large extent, been cancelled out by the electrons that have been added in the 3d orbitals.

We could rephrase all of this by looking at the problem from the perspective of effective nuclear charges rather than orbital energies. The increase in Z$_\text{eff}$ for gallium is slightly greater than might have been expected by comparison with boron and aluminium because of the filling of the d-block. (p. 266)

...between scandium (Sc) and copper (Cu) electrons are being added to 3d orbitals, and such electrons form an effective screen for the 4s electrons. To put it another way, as far as the 4s electrons are concerned, on moving from one element to the next between scandium and copper, the effect of the extra proton is largely cancelled out by the addition of the electron to the lower 3d orbital. Consequently the energy of the 4s falls rather slowly. (p. 261)

The outer electron in potassium occupies the 4s AO, rather than the 3d. This is because the 4s orbital penetrates to the nucleus more effectively than does the 3d, resulting in the energy of the 4s being lower than that of the 3d. [...] ...both the 3s and the 3p have subsidiary maxima close in to the nucleus, but the first maximum for the 3s is very much closer in. The 3d has no such subsidiary maxima, and therefore is much less penetrating than 3s or 3p. ...the electrons in the 4s do not screen the 3d particularly well since much of the electron density from the 4s is further out from the nucleus than that from the 3d.

From scandium onwards the energies of both the 4s and 3d AOs drop steadily: this is simply the result of the increase in nuclear charge not being quite offset by the increase in electron-electron repulsion. Put another way, the electrons in the 3d sub-shell do not screen one another particularly well. Although both AOs fall in energy, the 4s falls less steeply, which can be explained by noting that this AO is quite well screened by the 3d electrons, not least as these are in a lower shell. (p. 627)

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created Apr 17, 2017 at 6:25

a-cyclohexane-molecule

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Let us read Keeler and Wothers's Chemical Structure and Reactivity carefully. (It's really a great book. I wish I had used it in the past.) We excerpt the relevant paragraphs that detail the points you mention, and highlight particularly important statements regarding screening. All page numbers are taken from the second edition.

Point 2, on Slater's rules.

[Energy ordering:] (1s) (2s, 2p) (3s, 3p) (3d) (4s, 4p) (4d) (4f) ...

If the electron being considered is in an ns or np orbital, then electrons in the next lowest shell (i.e. that with (n-1)) each contribute 0.85 to $S$. Those electrons in lower shells (i.e. (n-2) and lower) contribute 1.00 to $S$.

If the electron being considered is in an nd or nf orbital, all electrons below it in energy contribute 1.00 to $S$ [the shielding constant]. (p. 262)

Point 3, on Z$_\text{eff}$ and d-block contraction.

...there is a downwards kink in the [s-block] orbital energy on moving from the 3s to the 4s [orbitals]. [...] This difference is due to the filling of the 3d orbitals between calcium and gallium. The effects of all the extra protons in the nucleus is to cause an additional lowering in the energy of the valence orbitals for the p-block elements in Period 4. However, the effect is not really drastic: the 4s and 4p orbitals in gallium do not seem to have experienced the full effect of the ten extra protons. We interpret this by saying that the effect of the extra protons on the orbital energies of the 4s and 4p has, to a large extent, been cancelled out by the electrons that have been added in the 3d orbitals.

We could rephrase all of this by looking at the problem from the perspective of effective nuclear charges rather than orbital energies. The increase in Z$_\text{eff}$ for gallium is slightly greater than might have been expected by comparison with boron and aluminium because of the filling of the d-block. (p. 266)

Point 4, on orbital energies.

...between scandium (Sc) and copper (Cu) electrons are being added to 3d orbitals, and such electrons form an effective screen for the 4s electrons. To put it another way, as far as the 4s electrons are concerned, on moving from one element to the next between scandium and copper, the effect of the extra proton is largely cancelled out by the addition of the electron to the lower 3d orbital. Consequently the energy of the 4s falls rather slowly. (p. 261)

The outer electron in potassium occupies the 4s AO, rather than the 3d. This is because the 4s orbital penetrates to the nucleus more effectively than does the 3d, resulting in the energy of the 4s being lower than that of the 3d. [...] ...both the 3s and the 3p have subsidiary maxima close in to the nucleus, but the first maximum for the 3s is very much closer in. The 3d has no such subsidiary maxima, and therefore is much less penetrating than 3s or 3p. ...the electrons in the 4s do not screen the 3d particularly well since much of the electron density from the 4s is further out from the nucleus than that from the 3d.

From scandium onwards the energies of both the 4s and 3d AOs drop steadily: this is simply the result of the increase in nuclear charge not being quite offset by the increase in electron-electron repulsion. Put another way, the electrons in the 3d sub-shell do not screen one another particularly well. Although both AOs fall in energy, the 4s falls less steeply, which can be explained by noting that this AO is quite well screened by the 3d electrons, not least as these are in a lower shell. (p. 627)

We see that Keeler and Wothers are at least self-consistent regarding points 2, 3, and 4: 3d electrons are effective at shielding 4s and 4p electrons and not effective at shielding 3d electrons. I believe, therefore, that the contradiction lies in point 1, which should be corrected as follows:

d-block electrons shield poorly s or p electrons in the same shell

I suspect the statement that d-block electrons shield poorly is taught in reference to the concept of penetration. If we look at plots of radial probability density for the 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals, we might naively conclude, on the basis of mean distance from nucleus, that 3d electrons are closest to the nucleus, which means that they should shield 3s and 3p electrons well. In reality, because of penetration, this is not the case. Thus we conclude that 3d electrons shield (s or p electrons in the same shell) poorly, and the misconception arises if we try to extend this poor shielding to 4s electrons and the like.