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Probably the biggest drivers behind using methane as a fuel is that it is abundant in natural gas and is (currently) mostly useless as a chemical feedstock.
Ethane makes up a few percent of natural gas and can also be obtained as byproducts of petroleum refining, but the big difference from methane is that ethane is extremely useful in chemical synthesis (...
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In both cases, there appears to be a confusion of terminology between common and technical uses.
We commonly use methane and propane for cooking (and home heating), but not ethane. I would expect ethane to be suitable for this, being in between the two, but I've never heard of anyone using it for this purpose. Why is that?
In reality, anyone using ...
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These polyspiro compounds such as the one you gave are known as [m,n]rotanes, where m is the size of the central ring and n is the size of the decorating rings. So, your compound would be called [5,5]-rotane.
A Reaxys search unfortunately doesn't show anything for [5,5]-rotane, but in general, many such compounds have been made. A lot of the articles are in ...
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To clarify @ron's point, the general "cheminformatics" rule for deducing aromatic fused-ring systems is whether there is one path (usually the peripheral one) that satisfies $4n+2$:
So for naphthalene:
The bold bonds give you a ring path of $\mathrm{sp^2}$ carbons with 10 π electrons, so it's aromatic. There are some arguments about whether the central ...
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Pyrene is aromatic. The Hückel $4n+2$ rule works best with monocyclic ring systems. If you look at the following resonance structure for pyrene with a central double bond, the monocyclic periphery has 14 π electrons (ignoring the greyed-out central double bond), but that is a rationalization.
Nonetheless, pyrene undergoes reactions characteristic of ...
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This is a very good question and if popular books give conflicting answers, then it must be reasoned out. Unfortunately, Paula Bruice has given the wrong answer while the other two books have given no explanation for this comparison.
For the answer I assume that you know about hyperconjugation and the various contributing structures it involves. This gives ...
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Very interesting question, and it kept me up despite daylight saving time cheating me of one hour of sleep last night... A good reference is Albright, Burdett and Whangbo, Orbital Interactions in Chemistry 2nd ed. pp 282ff. which explains this in much greater detail than I can. (In general, that book is fantastic.) I will try my best to summarise what they ...
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Yes, based on what we can see in the video, your guess appears to be correct: as the propane-filled bottle warmed up, just enough propane evaporated to keep the pressure inside the bottle equal to the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid propane.
According to the video, the ambient temperature outside at the time it was recorded was "about 45 °...
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Your intuition is indeed correct! Several sources provide the same answer (1, 2, 3). Perhaps the simplest and most direct evidence comes from comparing the densities of the liquid unbranched alkanes and cycloalkanes:
(Source)
The cycloalkanes have slightly lower molecular mass than their parent unbranched alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms, yet ...
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IPA has a different carbon:hydrogen ratio than ethanol. There is more incomplete combustion occurring with IPA, hence the smoky orange flame and smell of soot. Ethanol combusts more completely, leading to a blue (soot-free) flame and no smell.
In response to your second question, ethanol likely has a lower latent heat of vaporisation than IPA, resulting in ...
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Tollen's reagent (ammoniacal silver nitrate) reacts with terminal acetylenes to form the silver acetylide which precipitates out of solution
$$\ce{RC#CH + AgNO3 + NH4OH -> RC#CAg v + NH4NO3 + H2O}$$
In the case of acetylene itself, since both ends of the molecule are (if you will) terminal acetylenes, a bis-silver acetylide salt is formed and ...
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Higher $\mathrm{RON}$ seems possible. Yet the boiling point rises accordingly while heat of combustion remains roughly the same. Here are two compounds that fit all posed criteria.
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\mathbf{Molecule} & \mathrm{mp\ \mathrm{(^\circ C)}} & \mathrm{bp\ \mathrm{(^\circ C)}} & \Delta_\mathrm cH_\mathrm m^\circ\ (\...
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Interesting observation. The blue flame color of all hydrocarbon fuels is due to the emission small diatomic carbon species such $C_2$ or CH. There is nothing magical about IPA having a yellow flame. The yellow flame originates from incomplete combustion. There is more carbon per mole of IPA as compared to ethanol. Yellow flames are called reducing flames ...
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You have asked quite a number of questions in your post so let's tackle it one by one.
Why does the oxidation take place at that particular nitrogen atom?
To understand this, we first need to acknowledge that peroxyacids $\ce {RCO3H}$ are electrophilic oxidising agents. Specifically, the oxygen atom attached to the $\ce {H}$ is the electrophilic atom. ...
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The $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ of acetylene is $25$. It is very weakly acidic, and hence, $\ce{KOH}$ is not sufficiently alkaline to react with it. Even methanol, with a $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ of $15.5$ does not react much with hydroxide ion. On other hand, $\ce{NaH}$ or $\ce{NaNH2}$ have more basic anions than hydroxide, and weak acids such as acetylene or ...
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According to Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 1985, 6 (3), 203–208[1], Kwang Sup Lee and Gerhard Wegner, attempting the synthesis and study of $n>100$, $\ce{C_nH_{2n}}$ cyclo-alkanes and linear alkanes, were successfully able to synthesize a linear alkane of $\ce{C384H770}$ and cycloalkanes with 288 carbons ($\ce{C288H576}$)
Linear alkanes up to $\ce{...
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Yes, it can be done by mimicking the conditions in the earth's mantle.
It was shown by Alexander Goncharov and coworkers [1] by placing methane in a diamond anvil cell, applying a pressure of more than 2 GPa and heating everything to a temperature around 1000-1500 K with a laser.
Is it economical? Hardly, but very interesting anyway!
Kolesnikov, A.; ...
answered Mar 24 '15 at 21:02
Klaus-Dieter Warzecha
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While the previous answers are correct in indicating that pyrene has aromaticity, they are often correct for the wrong reason. The proper way to break down the aromaticity in pyrene is to make the most Clar sextets possible. Clar sextexts are sets of six electrons that are cyclically delocalized. There are two unique ways to draw the Clar sextets in pyrene.
...
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What I usually do when I start numbering is look for branching and start numbering at the end with the closest branch. Also, keep in mind that with branching you'll want to consider numbering from one of the branches (if it'll yield a long chain.)
I'm using the structure you made as an example:
Here I numbered from the side with the most branching. But ...
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If it doesn't specifically need to be a hydrocarbon, zinc metal melts at 419.5 °C. Could you do an "ice bath" of zinc chunks in molten zinc, maintaining the melt right at its melting point?
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The numbers in the code have nothing to do with viscosity index. However, your understanding of 'W' for winter is correct. The real code for your car is actually SAE 5W-30 where SAE stands for the Society of Automotive Engineers, which has established a multi-grade numerical code system for grading motor oils according to their viscosity characteristics. I ...
answered May 24 '20 at 18:33
Mathew Mahindaratne
34.1k18 gold badges45 silver badges95 bronze badges
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Yes, that reaction occurs, but generation of the phenyl carbocation was much more difficult than anyone might have guessed. Here is a drawing of the phenyl carbocation.
First note that the 6 p orbitals making up the aromatic pi system are all still intact and overlapping - the aromatic nature of the benzene ring has not been tampered with. Then notice that ...
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Azulene has a 1.05 debye dipole moment,
A hydrocarbon as such bonded as an isolated cation-anion pair with no heteroatoms could happen in principle given sufficient steric hindrance. Penta-tert-butylcyclopentadienide or pentakis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)cyclopentadienide with like fully substituted cyclpropenium or tropylium might work.
Similar ...
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I agree with the points made above regarding attractive forces in the liquid being diminished in the gas phase.
However, I also think there may be an entropic component to all of this. When a molecule undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas (e.g. it boils)
$$\Delta G_\mathrm{vap} = \Delta H_\mathrm{vap} - T_\mathrm{vap} \times \Delta S_\mathrm{vap} = ...
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If you want to consider the diene as the main chain, you could call this 2-cyclohexyl-1,3-butadiene. This used to be the proper name for the compound, as double bonds used to take priority over any length of a carbon chain in IUPAC nomenclature. This compound exists, and you could theoretically purchase it at some place like this. In recent years, the proper ...
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The following, very general radical reactions apply to any common combustion reaction of organic material. Details vary largely.
Step 1
An energy spark of whatever kind turns triplet oxygen into its high energy singlet state$^*$, which typically strips a hydrogen atom off of some organic molecule
$\ce{R-CH3 + O2^* -> R-CH2. + HOO.}$
Now you have two ...
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"Ionic bond" does not necessarily mean the same thing as "bond that is not covalent". For example, I would have a difficult time classifying a hydrogen bond as being either ionic or covalent in nature.
Nevertheless, four different hydrocarbon salts (i.e. salts containing only carbon and hydrogen) have been reported by Okamoto et al. (J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55 (...
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