I don't understand why this molecule is assigned S instead of R. 

![enter image description here][1]


The H is assigned a priority of 4; the methyl group on the chiral carbon gets 3; the left carbon gets 1 and the right carbon gets 2. The rotation should therefore be clockwise. 

I guess what I have an issue with is assigning priorities in cases like these: what does moving away from the chirality center mean? Do I choose the H? The C? The other C? ![enter image description here][2]


Do we just ignore the attached hydrogens? It seems like the hydrogen on the carbon left of the chirality center is ignored.

![enter image description here][3]


![enter image description here][4]


And in the above case, why are we comparing an O with a C? The first atom to the left of the chirality center is a C, not an O. 

![enter image description here][5]


  [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/ZYqU4.png
  [2]: https://i.sstatic.net/HHejM.jpg
  [3]: https://i.sstatic.net/WBOB9.png
  [4]: https://i.sstatic.net/uX8DS.png
  [5]: https://i.sstatic.net/yI0WH.jpg