Questions tagged [pharmacology]
The study of drugs/medicines on living organisms. The study of drug action.
71 questions
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Can glycerol slow down the kinetics of an inhibitor going to a binding pocket of a target enzyme?
I am currently doing enzymatic inhibition assays and in my current setup I observe that a commercial inhibitor is showing inhibition as expected. Still, the inhibition is not as strong as the ...
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2
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0
answers
121
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Stability of n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside in buffer solutions for assay experiments
I have a buffer system which contains multiple salts and in addition DTT and n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside.
I understand that DTT is hydrolysing quite fast and this component must be used always fresh ...
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2
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1
answer
120
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What can I do if a peptide won't go in solution in a biological assay?
I have working on the realisation of on assay, that is intended to examine the activity of a protein. The assay works in a way, in which the product of the target enzyme is transfered by a support ...
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1
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Do we know how Tylenol works? [closed]
I saw this xkcd comic and one of the unsolved entries was "How does Tylenol work?".
So I googled and found a lot of explanations for what acetaminophen does. A bunch of articles says it ...
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2
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0
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Is there a formal definition of “identical” molecules?
I was reading about atropisomers and their impacts on drug design, and I started wondering whether we have a formal definition for identical molecules. Atropisomers are not the same molecules because ...
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0
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What are the compounds that this article refers to?
The linked article studies the effects of a set of organophosphorus compounds on the bioelectrical activity in the digestive system. The OP compounds studied are referred to in the abstract as IMFF, ...
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1
answer
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How is it possible for Enzymes to get absorbed undigested [closed]
We as medical practitioners frequently prescribe enzymatic preparations like Trypsin-Chymotrypsin, which actually are proteins. Often I wonder how come a protein gets absorbed undigested, through our ...
2
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1
answer
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Ritalin/Concerta/Methylphenidate is an amphetamine?
FIDE (the governing body of international chess competition) says here:
The most relevant banned substances for chess are:
• Amphetamines – e.g. Adderall, Ritalin
(...)
Image:
I think either ...
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0
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0
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56
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Translating from milligrams in the pill to Ki at the receptor
Many places (e.g. Wikipedia) report the action of a drug on the various receptors, transporters, ion channels, and the like in terms of the Ki(nM). (This is for drugs that act primarily through such ...
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3
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How stable is Remdesivir when vial vacuum is broken and/or it is reconstituted with sterile water?
I was recently looking at how long can Remdesivir be stored in its different forms.
I came up across several articles provided by the FDA and Gilead Sciences and others.
What caught my eye was the ...
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5
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Carbon 11 radiolabeled inhaled Beta-2 agonist or corticosteroids, is it possible?
Background
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive imaging modality that can provide in vivo quantitative information of biological processes at a biochemical level. PET relies upon ...
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2
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1
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API formulations - are excipients required
I have the following API's
Itraconazole, Ivermectin, Fenofibrate, Pyrvinium Pamoate, Sulfasalazine, Artesunate, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, Doxycycline, Atovaquone, Extremestane, Syrosingopine and ...
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2
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Why are nanoliposome encapsulated antibiotics still so unavailable despite being so effective?
I wasnt sure how the phrase the headline question really nor if this is the right place to ask it, but i'm primarily interested in the chemical synthesis aspect and the experience of chemists ...
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Chemical difference between dexedrine and methamphetamine [closed]
I am a newbie at chemistry and wondering what the key difference between dexedrine and methamphetamine HCL is. I know that methamphetamine has an extra methyl group compared to Adderall. But what ...
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2
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Is 1% m/m the same as 1% w/w?
Hydrocortisone cream seems to be sold as 1% w/w, but my cream is 1% m/m, which is confusing. Are they the same units or the same concentrations?
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How are the toxic components in a mixture identified?
I was doing research on buckwheat sprouts (as to whether I should include them in my diet) and I came across a website that said eating too much can cause fagopyrism, which is caused by compounds ...
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2
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Understanding Scatchard Plots
Im having trouble understanding Scatchard plots.
Y Axis = Bound/Free Ligand
X Axis = Bound Ligand
The graph has a negative slope.
Why when there is almost no Bound (Y axis = 0) do we get a high ...
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1
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1
answer
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What is the meaning of the slope in a graded dose-response curve?
A graded dose-response relationship is shown below with the drug concentration on the $\log$ scale on the $x$ axis and the response on the $y$ axis :
According to this website:
Slope: a useful ...
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31
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1
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Why is heroin a more potent drug than morphine, despite having a similar structure?
The structures of heroin and morphine are quite similar, with heroin being formed by acetylation of morphine:
Why is heroin so much more potent than morphine, when their structures are so similar? ...
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1
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465
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Meaning of "MS1 and MS2 resolution" and "MS1 and MS2: Unit" in a tandem mass-spectrometry parameter list
I'm translating a Certificate of Suitability that very briefly describes procedures used to measure several impurities in a drug substance. There is a short description of the parameters of a Gas ...
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1
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0
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60
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Hydrolysis of phosphoryl-oximes
When acetylcholinesterase that has been inhibited by an organophosphorus compound is reactivated by an oxime, a phosphoryl-oxime is formed, which is then somehow hydrolyzed in the blood.
One study ...
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Difference between docking and scoring?
I'm taking an undergraduate level class on computer based drug design. The class is more for biology students than people with a strong understanding in physics and computer science.
With that said,...
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1
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91
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How does gefitinib affect the EGFR(ecptor) and why is there relapse
Gefitinib has been shown to be an effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor in a fraction (~$10$%) of non-small cell lung cancer patients.
These patients are characterized as having a mutation (usually a ...
user86908
2
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Do any pharmaceuticals increase in potency or toxicity over time?
Pursuing a question raised in these comments:
Are there any known pharmaceuticals that increase in potency or toxicity during storage, or over periods of months to years?
If not, what if we broaden ...
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Estimating protein binding and disassociation
I don't have a background in the area of drugs or pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics but I am trying to understand about protein binding. I was going through this paper.
If $C_b$ is the ...
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4
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328
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Has anyone encountered the use of Omega to represent equilibrium?
One of my lecturers last year (a pharmacologist by training) used the symbol $\Omega ^m$ as a shorthand for equilibrium. He implied it was common practice but I've never come across it elsewhere. I ...
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Racemic mixture vs enantiomers in drugs [duplicate]
a racemic mixture has 50-50% of the 2 different enantiomers. There are racemate drugs out there in the world. The misunderstanding I have is that usually 1 out of the 2 enantiomers molecules have a ...
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43
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Cyanogenic and Fluorine Compounds in Pharmaceutical Science
I was wonder what it was specifically that make things such as Lexapro safe when it came to its Fluoride and nitrile bonds. Why doesn't Lexapro break down into cyanide? Is it just minimal because the ...
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Does Amoxicillin (as trihydrate) degrade in stomach acid? [closed]
I crushed my antibiotics (amoxicillin + potassium Clavulanate). Does it deform in the stomach acid and therefore become useless? Or does the acid have no effect and the amoxicillin goes directly into ...
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27
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Chemical interaction between Pterostilbene and Nicotinamide Riboside
Some supplement companies are putting a combinations of nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene into the same capsule. Considering the stomach acid, water, body temperature, etc. I am wondering if ...
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What is the maximum amount of medicine that could accumulate in the body if the compound has a half-life of 24 hours? [closed]
If a patient is prescribed 25 mg per day of a compound that has a half-life of roughly 24 hours, what is the maximum accumulated amount of the medicine that would build in the patients body?
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Unknown possibly handmade glassware- description in information below
Okay, Another random item from the cupboard (unknown users or discipline of life sciences unknown) could be anything up to 40 years old....
This appears to be a 2 neck quickfit adapter (B19 and B14) ...
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49
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Could there be a class of drugs beyond, similar to barbiturates and benzodiazepines? [closed]
I'm talking about group of drugs similar to them but different though.Is there anything beyond benzodiazepines?
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Does an airborne chemical stimulant exist?
I recently read the creepypasta entitled "The Russian Sleep Experiment". In this story they lock five test subjects in a room with the intention of keeping them awake for 30 days by releasing a ...
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1
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Trichloroacetyl carbamate cleavage to unsubstituted carbamate
I studied that when alcohol is treated with isocyanate and then undergone hydrolysis (or methanolosis), carbamate is formed. But when we use carbamate as trichloroacetyl isocyanate, why hydrolysis ...
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2
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Why do most drugs (eg: oxycodone) have seemingly arbitrary names?
How do some medicines derive their names?
For instance, is the name oxycodone somewhat arbitrary? I am not well-versed in Chemistry (1st semester student) but does the prefix oxy- imply some ...
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540
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How does Rosuvastatin 5 S-lactone form in human body?
I've searched lots of free resources online but cannot find the answer.
the top compound is Rosuvastatin.
Some websites say it is metabolized by the enzyme CYP2C9,
but I can't figure out how a ...
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1
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285
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Could muscarine be an antidote to atropine poisoning?
According to Wikipedia,
"Muscarine poisoning is characterized by miosis, blurred vision, increased salivation, excessive sweating, lacrimation, bronchial secretions, bronchoconstriction, ...
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calculate the number of shots of Captain Morgan’s rum
I am facing a challenge, and this is my first question in this stack exchange. I have worked out the following problem but the answer I got (number of shots) is ridiculous. Could any of the chemist ...
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0
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Is there a drug that can encapsulate benzene in the liver? [closed]
I'm doing a project on the prevention of leukemia and upon researching on the metabolism of benzene in the liver (since high levels of benzene can lead to leukemia), I thought of a question that was ...
6
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2
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Which poison was used in the failed attempt to assassinate Khaled Mashal of Hamas?
This question is both historical and chemistry-related, but I'm posting it here because I am more interested in the chemical part:
In 1997, Israel tried to assassinate Khaled Mashal, a high-rank ...
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BCS class of nifedipine
So I had an exam today in which one of the questions was in what class (I-IV) of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) the drug nifedipine falls in. Class I drugs are considered highly ...
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What method is used to discover oxidation state of drug binding cysteine residue?
I was reading this article and found this sentence:
KC group found that some cancer cells became resistant to
Boehringer Ingelheim’s covalent TKI afatinib (Giotrif) due to the
oxidation of its ...
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Could the difference between absorption time of Diclofenac Sodium and Diclofenac Potassium be related to the cation?
Diclofenac is a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) that comes in a variety of formulations. Two of the most common forms are diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium (the links ...
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How is the selectivity of a drug ensured? [closed]
How is a drug created that would target a particular site?
I always wonder when I take a pill for headache, how the pill knows that its my head and not my knee. Or is it that it interacts with all ...
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Is there any difference between Meprobamate and Equanil?
My textbook mentions Meprobamate and Equanil separately, under Anxiolytic drugs and even provides two (not-so) different structures to back their claim.
However, Wikipedia would beg to differ:
...
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3
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Is there a difference between anti-anxiety and anti-depression drugs? [closed]
[PREFACE- I've already asked this on Health.SE, but I've drawn a blank there. The place is practically deserted. Also, this is NOT a personal medical question; I'm simply trying to understand the ...
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What does it mean for meth or any other compound to be 'pure'?
In Breaking Bad, Walter White can cook $99.1\%$ pure meth. In general what does it mean for a substance to be pure? In this case, what exactly does it mean for meth to be pure? Does higher purity mean ...
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Is there a structured data source containing information on the World Health Organisation's Stability Testing Policies?
Hoping to automate some product testing guidance software, I've been attempting to find a (hopefully live, up-to-date) Database, Web-service, or other structured data source containing the ...
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Why does clearance increase after phenytoin overdose?
I am finding it hard to envision how an overdose of phenytoin ultimately leads to an increase of the clearance of phenytoin after the enzymes that metabolize phenytoin stop getting saturated.
I know ...
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