Questions tagged [periodic-trends]
Trends which are observed in the properties of elements as you move along the periodic table in a given direction.
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S-Block trends & Properties
Could someone tell me the trend/order of the following SBlock properties? Thanks in advance.
Alkali metals:
•Thermal stability & Basicity of Carbonates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Oxides and Hydroxides
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Why is phosphorus trifluoride the strongest Lewis acid among the phosphorus trihalides?
I had read that for the trihalides of boron, boron trifluoride is the weakest Lewis acid due to backbonding. The order I had seen was -
$\ce{BI3 > BBr3 > BCl3 > BF3}\$
$$\ce{}$
$- order of ...
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1answer
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Comparing Electron affinity and electron gain enthalpy at 0 K
In my book it is given that first electron gain enthalpy is greater than second for elements. Should we compare the magnitudes in such cases or the actual numbers with signs? Does the same comparision ...
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why is lithium oxide so different from water [closed]
Take water and replace hydrogens with the next element down in the periodic table, and you get a white solid, nothing like water.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_oxide
Lithium itself is very ...
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Why does the electron affinity increase become more exothermic down group 2 and group 5?
It is generally true that the electron affinity becomes less exothermic down a group, because of the increase in atomic radius.
There is a well-known exception that the electron affinity of Cl is ...
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1answer
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Why aren't Boron and Aluminium assigned to group 3 of periodic table? What determines the group? [closed]
I've been curious about this 3D representation of the periodic table "Mendeleev's Flower" and was trying to study it, wondering if it reveals any regularities that are not obvious from classic ...
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Why does TeF6 react with water, but SF6 doesn't? [duplicate]
I was reading a book that said that $\ce{SF6}$ doesn't hydrolyze but $\ce{TeF6}$ does. There was no reason given for this.
Could anyone explain why $\ce{SF6}$ doesn't react with water?
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Why scandium has more ionization energy than lithium although scandium is bigger in size than lithium?
Ionization energy is inversely proportional to size of the atom, the lesser will be the size more will be it's ionization energy and vice-versa
Now if we compare size of scandium with lithium then ...
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1answer
38 views
Why is the first energy of ionization of oxygen lesser than that of nitrogen? [duplicate]
The following question arises from a question I found in my book.
Experimentally it has been determined that the value of the first
energy of ionization of oxygen is lesser than the first energy ...
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Is strontium more metallic than sodium? If yes then why?
I got an MCQ in my examination, "Which one of the following is more metallic?" and the options were Sr, Na, Be or Aluminium. I know that sodium is more metallic than Be or Al but my mind stuck on ...
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2answers
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Why Zn has highest ionisation enthalpy in 3d series?
Zn which has the highest ionisation enthalpy in 3d series.The reason given in my textbook is:
The value of zinc is higher because it represent ionisation from 4s level.
This is not correct because ...
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1answer
142 views
Reorganization during ionisation for d block elements
This is a quote from my textbook:
The irregular trend in the first ionisation enthalpy of 3d lmetals,can be accounted for by considering that the removal of one electron alters the relative ...
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1answer
37 views
Shielding effects and atomic size [closed]
The atomic size on going from aluminum to gallium decreases because of poor shielding effect of the $(n-1)d$ electrons, but on going from copper to zinc, the size increases due to the same shielding ...
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1answer
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Why does hydrogen have a lower ionization energy than fluorine?
I found here that the ionization energy of hydrogen is $\pu{1312kJ/mol}$ and for fluorine, it is $\pu{1681kJ/mol}$. Now clearly, from the data, we can see that hydrogen has a lower ionization energy ...
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1answer
195 views
What do you mean by “periodic” in the periodic table? [closed]
Modern periodic law states:
“The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
functions of their atomic numbers”.
But I don't think this is so! (Forgive me for my stupidity. But ...
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How ion size/electronegativity influences strength of an acid
My prof was explaining how we can use the structure of acids and bases to rationalize relative strengths (ie: acid X is stronger than acid Y because ...). He then went on to explain how when ...
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3answers
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Is acidic character related to reducing power?
My book says that the acidic character of halogen acids increases on going down the group because the bond strength decreases, making it easier to release the $\ce{H+}$.
But I also know that $\ce{HI}$...
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1answer
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Electronegativity of heavier elements of Group 15
While reading about p-block I got to know that in Group 15 elements
electronegativity value decrease down the group but amongst the heavier elements difference is not that much pronounced.
I ...
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1answer
145 views
Atomic radii and why does it decrease in a period [closed]
Why do atomic radii decreases as you move from left to right across a period
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1answer
150 views
Effective nuclear charge and Ionization energy
A common reason given on why 3rd ionization energy > 2nd > 1st is because of increasing effective nuclear charge.
As per my book $Z_\mathrm{eff}$ = Atomic number $-$ Number of inner electrons.
Now ...
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1answer
93 views
How would one determine an element simply by looking at its binding energy?
I am self studying MIT OCW chemistry 5.111 2014, one of the lecture questions states the following:
Consider a neutral atom with 8 distinct electron binding energies: −14 eV, −28 eV, −94 eV, −218 ...
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Standard Reduction Potentials and Electropositivity
I was looking through a table of standard reduction potentials and the trend seemed like it correlated with electropositivity. Is it reasonable to qualitatively compare two metals to see which has a ...
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1answer
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Why does Calcium have a higher ionization energy than Aluminium?
Given their places on the periodic table I'd assume Aluminium has a higher ionization energy, because it has fewer energy levels, and is on a "righter" row on the periodic table, but in reality it is ...
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1answer
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Why does the emission wavelength of sodium appear to be an exception despite the trend for ionisation enthalpies among alkali metals?
The wavelengths for emissions in the visible region for Group 1 elements is as follows:
$$
\begin{array}{lc}
\hline
\text{Element} & λ/\pu{nm} \\
\hline
\ce{Li} & 670.8 \\
\ce{Na} & 589.2 ...
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Ionization energy of neon vs its cationic counterpart
Which requires more ionization energy: $\ce{Ne}$ or $\ce{Ne+}?$
It seems to me like it should be neon because of noble gas configuration, but the answer given is $\ce{Ne+}.$ Does this anything to do ...
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n+l rule for first member of lanthanide and actinide series
as we all know that if the value of $n+l$ is same then the orbital with lower value of $n$ will get filled first so in case of first member of lanthanide series the configuration is $(\ce{Xe})\mathrm{...
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Predicting atomic weight and density of calcium [closed]
I have a question from school:
Assuming that the element Ca had not been discovered, predict using the properties of the known element surrounding Ca its own properties such as its atomic weight ...
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30 views
Comparing the EA [duplicate]
What is the electron affinity trend for the oxygen family?
I am interested in the question above. I am aware that EA of O $>$ EA of S, but what about the others? Which is having more EA: O or Se?
...
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1answer
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Ionization enthalpy for group 13 elements
The ionization enthalpy for elements along a group generally reduces.
But there is an exception for group 13 elements and the order is not
uniform.
The order is:
B>Tl>Ga>Al>In
According to ...
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1answer
363 views
why lithium is less reactive than sodium? [duplicate]
Lithium lies above sodium in a group and is also smaller in size. According to periodic trend reactivity decreases from left to right in period and down the group.
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Relationship between electronegativity and atomic radius [closed]
Would someone please explain in detail the relationship between the two? I understand that atomic radius is related to ionisation energy but I can't see how atomic radius may be related to ...
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1answer
300 views
Which is more metallic: boron or silicon?
I read somewhere that boron is more metallic. Is it correct? If so, can you please elaborate?
The reason why I'm confused is because 2 factors come into play here:
When you move towards right, ...
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Why don't ionization energies vary linearly going down Group 2?
I understand why the 1st ionization energies (1st IEs) of Group 2 elements decrease down the group.
However, why is the difference between 1st IEs of successive elements greater for Be to Ca and ...
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2answers
900 views
Change in electronegativity order down a group from groups 13-16 to group 17
In general, going down a group Zeff initially increases but then becomes approximately constant, while electrons are in higher n orbitals, hence valence electrons on average further from nucleus, ...
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Exception in trend of increasing ionisation energy across a period
One exception to the trend of increasing ionisation energy across a period in e.g. period 2 is going from N to O. There is no loss of exchange energy in I1 of O, but there is 2K lost in I1 of N, hence ...
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Why do metals form cations?
metals that have a low number of occupied shells such as lithium and potassium should have a stronger electrostatic attraction to their nuclei, so what causes them to always lose their electrons ...
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Ionisation energies of Carbon and Boron
The first ionisation energy of Carbon atom is greater than that of Boron atom whereas, the reverse is true for the second ionisation energy.
In order to explain the above statement I considered the ...
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1answer
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Thermal stability order of NaF, MgF2 and AlF3
I came up with a question to arrange thermal stability order of $\ce{NaF}$, $\ce{MgF2}$ and $\ce{AlF3}$ and I think the answer is $\ce{NaF>MgF2>AlF3}$ because $\ce{Na+}$ has largest ionic radius ...
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1answer
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Why is fluorine a oxidising agent?
An oxidizing agent pulls the electron cloud of the substance being oxidized towards itself, for example:
$$\ce{F2 + 2 X- -> 2F- + X2}\qquad (\ce{X} = \ce{Cl}, \ce{Br}, \ce{I})$$
We also know ...
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1answer
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Lanthanoid Contraction
Why is the radius of Europium so unusually high and out of the general trend ? Moreover, at different sources I am getting different values of radii. In some (e.g., Wikipedia) the radii are following ...
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2answers
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How can an electron shield another electron of the same subshell?
While I was preparing for my upcoming exams, I stumbled upon this sentence which is bothering me quite a bit:
The contraction of the lanthanoids is due to the imperfect shielding of one electron by ...
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1answer
231 views
Relationship between effective nuclear load and periodic properties
The effective nuclear charge is defined as the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a polyelectronic atom. It can be calculated using the well-known Stars Rule.
Once I have calculated ...
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Why are the Covalent Radii of Ruthenium and Osmium So Similar?
Osmium and Ruthenium have covalent radii 144 and 146 respectively (according to Wikipedia).
How are these values so similar when Osmium has 32 more electrons, with another filled p, s, and f orbital ...
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2answers
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Density of d-block elements
Something that confuses me slightly is the trends in density when comparing periods 4, 5, and 6 in the d-block. Looking at periods 5 and 6, the density peaks at group 8, with ruthenium and osmium, ...
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3answers
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If Mg(OH)2 is insoluble, why does the reaction of MgO and water produce a slightly alkali solution? [closed]
The equation of the reaction is:
Mg(OH)2 + H2O -> Mg(OH)2.
Why is it that this reaction produces a solution of around pH 9? There are no OH- ions produced.
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H-N-H bond angle in ammonia boron trifluoride adduct
In the reaction:
$\ce{NH3 + BF3 -> NH3-BF3}$ does the HNH bond angle increase or decrease?
Surely, the FBF bond angle decreases because boron changes from $\ce{sp^2 -> sp^3}$. But how can we ...
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1answer
743 views
Why it the electron affinity of beryllium is greater than nitrogen? [closed]
As we know that fully filled electronic configuration is more stable than half filled electronic configuration, so in my opinion beryllium's electron affinity should be less than nitrogen's.
Is my ...
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749 views
Second ionization energies of copper(Cu) and silver(Ag)
The ionization energies of copper and silver are
First ionization energy: Cu-745.5 kJ/mol Ag-731.0 kJ/mol
Second ionization energy: Cu-1958 kJ/mol Ag-2073 kJ/mol
Now, looking at the ...
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Comaparing melting points of group 14 elements [duplicate]
I found that melting point of $\ce{Sn(232°C)}$ is less than $\ce {Pb (327.5°C)} $ but i also saw that the bond enthalpy of $\ce {Sn-Sn(187.1 ±0.3 kJ mol^{-1})}$ is more than $\ce{Pb-Pb 86.6 ±0.8 kJ ...
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1answer
357 views
Octet rule violation in Period 2 elements [duplicate]
My textbook states,
Period 2 elements typically obey the octet rule. Period 3 and later elements can expand their valence shells. Elements in Periods 5 and 6 of the p-block show variable valence (...
