Questions tagged [hydrolysis]
Hydrolysis refers to any reaction with water. For example, it may be said that ammonia hydrolyzes in water to produce ammonium ion and hydroxide ion.
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What makes C=O more stable that C(OH)₂
When there are $2$ hydroxy groups on same carbon, they tend to undergo dehydration ( of course with exceptions like chloral where $\ce H$ bonding prevails).
Why does this happen? We are breaking a ...
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Why can NCl3 be hydrolyzed but CCl4 cannot?
While explaining why $\ce{CCl4}$ cannot be hydrolyzed, we say carbon atom doesn't have any d-orbitals and therefore a water molecule (lone pair electrons of $\ce{O}$ atom) cannot form coordinate bond ...
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Mechanism for basic hydrolysis of α-chloronitrile to ketone?
In Corey's 1969 prostaglandin synthesis,1 compound 2 is formed from compound 1 by:
[...] treatment with 2.5 equiv of potassium hydroxide (added as a hot saturated aqueous solution) in dimethyl ...
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Unusual hydrolysis of methyl 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoate
Problem 223 from Conceptual Problems in Organic Chemsitry by Singh [1, p. 367]:
The given answer is b and I don't get why.
Usual ester hydrolysis would've given a.
I somehow managed to know that the ...
user96046
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Why is ATP, but not ADP or AMP, a sole source of energy?
Why are three phosphate groups (such as in ATP) required for release of energy, but not two (ADP) or one (AMP) phosphates? How does breaking the phosphate bond release energy?
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How long would it take for sucrose to undergo hydrolysis in boiling water?
I was reading the book Cocktail Codex and there was a snippet on avoiding boiling sugar and water to make simple syrup that made me a bit skeptical. Here it is:
Heat also affects the molecular ...
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With which group does the middle oxygen atom of an anhydride remain, on hydrolysis?
With which group does the middle oxygen atom of an anhydride remain, on hydrolysis? As an example, let us say we have the following modification of ethanoic methanoic anhydride, with the middle oxygen ...
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Comparing the Lewis acidity of carbon tetrafluoride and silicon tetrafluoride
I've been asked to compare the relative acidity of $\ce{CF4}$ and $\ce{SiF4}$. As both atoms have noble gas configurations, neither can act as a lewis acid and so I assume the question is inferring ...
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How come the same reaction can be balanced in two distinct ways?
I faced this reaction which can be balanced in $2$ distinct ways which are not multiples of each other.
$$\begin{align}\ce{6XeF4 + 12H2O &-> 2XeO3 + 24HF + 4Xe + 3O2}\tag{1}\\[0.4em]
\ce{4XeF4 ...
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Why doesn't NF₃ undergo hydrolysis?
I was reading Jan's answer to the following question-:
Why can NCl3 be hydrolyzed but CCl4 cannot?.
Since nitrogen is less electronegative than fluorine in $\ce{NF3}$, the electrophilic site is the ...
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Is magnesium sulfate basic, neutral or acidic?
A question in my college test was whether $\ce{MgSO4}$ is neutral, acidic or basic. I was told to solve this kind of problem by hydrolyzing any ions that do not "come from" a strong acid or a strong ...
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What an aqueous solution really contains?
I want to know what an aqueous solution is. For example, let's consider a $1~\mathrm{M}$ aqueous solution of $\ce{MgCl2}$. Does it also contain $\ce{MgOH2}$? Though it is a simple question, I feel it ...
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Aspirin Hydrolysis at pH 2
Conducting an experiment, I found that very little salicylic acid was evolved performing hydrolysis at $\mathrm{pH \ 2}$ and at $\pu{45 ^\circ C}$. In fact, far more salicylic acid was evolved at $\...
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Why is it advised to use neutral ferric chloride solution while performing confirmatory test for acetate ions? [duplicate]
The reaction of $\ce{FeCl3}$ with $\ce{CH3COO-}$ is
$$\ce{3Fe^{+3} +6CH3COO- +H2O<=> [Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)6]^{+} +2H^{+}}$$
Recently I read that a solution of $\ce{FeCl3}$ hydrolyses very quickly to ...
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Hydrolysis of (chloromethyl)cyclopropane: Is but-3-en-1-ol a possible product?
This is from one of the practice papers for the JEE , asks for possible hydrolysis products of (chloromethyl)cyclopropane .
Product A happens to be due to stability of cyclopropyl methyl carbocation.
...
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Relative rate of hydrolysis of the carbon chlorine bond in thioethers and ethers
I am solving problems based on rates of hydrolysis of compounds but I don't have a general approach to such questions.
Which of the following compounds undergoes hydrolysis faster than the second ...
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Hydrolysis products of chlorides of group 15
$\ce{NCl3}$ on hydrolysis produces $\ce{NH4OH}$ and $\ce{HOCl}$.
$\ce{PCl_3}$ when hydrolyzed produces $\ce{P(OH)3}$ i.e. $\ce{H3PO3}$.
$\ce{AsCl_3}$ when hydrolyzed produces $\ce{As(OH)3}$.
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user37316
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Hydrolysis of salts containing amphiprotic anion
I am trying to understand the derivation of pH of salt containing amphiprotic anions, but I am facing some difficulty:
Ionisation:
$\ce{HCO3^- + H2O <=> CO3^2- + H3O+};\quad K_\mathrm{a_2}...
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Why is the rate of solvolysis of t-butyl chloride lesser than that of 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane?
I came across a question regarding relative rate of solvolysis. According to the answer key:
My analysis:
As in all the three cases, the Cl atom is bounded to a tertiary carbon, hence, all of them ...
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steam distillation of 4-bromoaniline , why render it basic prior
In the multistage synthesis of 4-bromobenzenamine, why must the solution be rendered alkaline prior to the steam distillation after the hydrolysis of 4-bromo-N-ethanoylbenzenamine?
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Unexpected reaction during acid hydrolysis of cellulose
Recently I tried to hydrolyze some cellulose:
I added some acid to it ($\ce{H2SO4}$) then noticed nothing. Even after a few days there was no visible change and after doing some tests for glucose, ...
user2117
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Rates of hydrolysis in bicyclic and monocyclic compounds
Which of the following compounds, 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane 1 or 1-bromobicyclo[2.2.2]octane 2, hydrolyzes faster (under comparable conditions)? It may be acid catalyzed or base catalyzed hydrolysis,...
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On the stabler tautomer in amide-imidic acid tautomerism
In the section on acid-catalysed hydrolysis of nitriles, this webpage has the following line of reasoning;
...the more stable amide tautomer predominates the (following) equilibrium.
(credit)
How ...
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Which side of the C-O-C bond breaks in esters during hydrolysis in basic medium?
When an ester undergoes hydrolysis which side of the $\ce{C-O-C}$ breaks for instance in the following example:
I believe the first is correct but is it a rule that the salt of a carboxylic acid is ...
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Hydrolysis of cyanohydrin
The question is(See image):
I know that initially a cyanohydrin will be formed. On reaction with $\ce{H2SO4}$, the cyanohydrin will give a carboxylic acid/an amide.
Here's my doubt:
Since the ...
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Rate of hydrolysis of silicon tetrahalides
Concise Inorganic Chemistry for JEE(Main and Advanced) by JD Lee(Third Edition) writes
If we compare the rate of hydrolysis for $\ce{SiX4}$(where X= F,Cl,Br,I), it is in the same order as that of ...
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Why does hydrolysis of ADP to AMP yield the same amount of energy as ATP to ADP, if ADP is more stable?
I learned about the resonance stability of ADP and the fact that ATP is less stable due to intramolecular instability. I was surprised to see that the energy net of conversion of ADP to AMP is the ...
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Does the salinity in seawater affect the process of alkaline hydrolysis?
I am an architecture student doing a project on crematorium spaces. I am looking at resomation or alkaline hydrolysis as an alternative method of disposition of a body. From what I gather from ...
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Slow acidification process
I'm trying to find a substitute of Glucono delta-lactone (GDL). This food additive is usually used to produce silk tofu. Because of its slow hydrolysis the pH decreases very smoothly, which results in ...
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Why does dissolving a salt in water get a high pH?
I dissolved some sodium carbonate in water and I measured the $\mathrm{pH}$. It turned out to be 11. I don't really understand why dissolving it in water increased the $\mathrm{pH}$. I mean, I know ...
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Is (high) pressure required to form (quartz) crystals?
I've been reading a lot of sources about the hydrothermal synthesis of quartz using autoclaves. I want to try doing this myself, but before I can I need to know the minimum pressure required.
If you ...
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Why is HCl used in hydrolysis of sucrose?
I am aware that $\ce{HCl}$ can be used to help speed up the hydrolysis of sucrose but I haven't really been able to find out why. I've read somewhere that the glycosidic link in sucrose is broken off ...
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Hydrolysis of β-1,2 glycosidic bond
Are there any easy, not enzymatic, ways to hydrolyse $\beta$-1,2 glycosidic bonds like they occur in steviosids?
I thought of something like vinegar, which is commonly used to cleave the $\alpha$-1,...
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Mechanism for hydrolysis of enol ether to aldehyde
I'm fairly confident in my answers for steps 1-3, but I am not certain how to have the methyl group bonded that is bonded to the alkene carbon leave in step 5 without forming methanol.
Here is what I ...
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How to remove sulfuric acid from sample
I have problem with my experiment. My experiment is acid hydrolysis of ethyl benzoate. The acid that I used is sulfuric acid. My problem is when I get the precipitate (impure benzoic acid) I have to ...
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Why does sodium react with water to produce a hydroxide, while zinc produces an oxide?
Sodium belongs to the so-called active metals and produces a hydroxide on contact with water. Zinc produces an oxide. Why is it so?
I was given a hint: to read up about electrochemical series. I've ...
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Will PAEK polymers hydrolyze in concentrated sulfuric acid?
One of my duties at the company where I work is to perform intrinsic viscosity (IV) experiments on PAEK (poly(aryl ether ketone)) polymers. These polymers don't dissolve well in most solvents, so the ...
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A problem in solubility of salts with multistep hydrolysis of an ion possible
Calculate the solubility of $\ce{MnS}$ in pure water, $K_\mathrm{sp}(\ce{MnS}) = \pu{2.5e-10}$. Assume hydrolysis of $\ce{S^2-}$ ion. $K_1$ and $K_2$ for $\ce{H2S}$ are $10^{-7}$ and $10^{-14}$, ...
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Hydrolysis of vinyl bromide vs alkyl chloride
Which of the following compounds, 1-bromocyclopent-1-ene 1 or chlorocyclopentane 2, hydrolyses faster than the second under comparable conditions? It may be acid catalysed or base catalyzed hydrolysis ...
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How is it possible, that the hydrolysis of ethers proceed via a SN2 mechanism?
Ethers on hydrolysis with dilute $\ce{H2SO4}$ under pressure produce alcohols.
This is basically a type of acidic cleavage of ethers by the SN2 mechanism.
(source)
There is inversion of ...
user14857
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Dissolution of SO2 in water
Majority of texts (at high school level) say that when $\ce{SO2}$ is dissolved in water sulphurous acid $\ce{H2SO3}$ is formed. However my text book states that it forms clathrate $\ce{SO2.6H2O}$ when ...
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Comparing Rate of Hydrolysis of Acyl halides
In this particular question, my answer is (D) as steric hinderance is minimum there, but answer (B) was given due to the electron withdrawing (-M) effect of the nitro group.
Isn't steric hinderance ...
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Why is the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP more energetic than the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP?
I am confused as to why the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate is more energetic than hydrolysis to ADP and inorganic phosphate, especially since pyrophosphates are more unstable than ...
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Mechanism of Acid Hydrolysis
I wanted to ask a question about acid catalysed hydrolysis.
I learnt in an introductory course to Physical Organic Chemistry that there are different ways that an ester can be hydrolysed acidically:
...
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Hydrolysis of an ester
An organic compound X of formula $\ce{C5H10O2}$ forms two compounds when boiled in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. One of these compounds forms a ketone when treated with acidified potassium ...
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n-Factor of P4O6 [closed]
I had a question in my exam:
Which of the following can be the $n$-factor of $\ce{P4O6}?$
A. 8
B. 9
C. 10
D. 12
I went for options A and B as in cold water $1$ mole of $\ce{P4O6}$ on hydrolysis give ...
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Reasons for solid or liquid soap
Soap is made by a saponification reaction, where a fat reacts with hydroxide ions to form a surfactant and glycerol.
To make a solid soap $\ce{NaOH}$ is used, while $\ce{KOH}$ is used for liquid ...
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Acetone absorbing water from the air
Our company uses acetone and isopropanol in our manufacturing process to clean our product. Our operators get the chemicals from a large container and put it into small containers like this (http://...
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USNCO question - Finding pH of salt solution from pKa of its parent acid
The question from 2017 USNCO is as below:
What is the $\mathrm{pH}$ of a $\pu{0.25 M}$ solution of $\ce{NaCN}$? (The $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ of $\ce{HCN}$ is $9.21$.)
(A) $4.91$
(B) $8.61$
(C) $11....
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What exactly is hydrolysis reaction in organic chemistry?What mechanism does it follow?
According to my study material:
Hydrolysis is a special type of nucleophilic substitution ($\mathrm{S_N1}$) where water acts as both nucleophile and a solvent molecule.
Is this definition correct? ...
user14857