Questions tagged [hydrolysis]
Hydrolysis refers to any reaction with water. For example, it may be said that ammonia hydrolyzes in water to produce ammonium ion and hydroxide ion.
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How does ATP store and release energy?
According to online sources, the energy in ATP is stored between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups of ATP and it is released when ATP is hydrolysized. However, I was under the impression that energy ...
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Question about $\ce{Na2CO3}$ solution with $\rm pH=12$
In a $\ce{Na2CO3}$ solution with $\rm pH=12$, find the concentration of the following four types of ions in $\rm mol/L$.
$\ce{H+}$,
$\ce{H+}$ ionized from water,
$\ce{OH-}$,
$\ce{OH-}$ ionized from ...
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What determines the concentration of acid at fixed concentrations of hydroxyl ion and conjugate base?
This is a question from OpenStax:
Determine the acetic acid concentration in a solution with $[\ce{CH3CO2−}]= \pu{0.050 M}$ and $[\ce{OH−}] = \pu{2.5E-6 M}$ at equilibrium.
I get the calculation ...
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Basic Hydrolysis of Isocyanates
During the Hoffmann Degradation of amides, in the later part of the mechanism, an alkyl isocyanate intermediate is formed which gets hydrolyzed into primary amines. If a simple hydrolysis occurs by ...
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Relative strength of conjugate acids and bases
Q: In our chemistry lesson i.e "Acid-Base equilibria" we have learned about acid-base conjugate with their strength (based on Bronsted-Lowry acid base pair)
so
if HA (hypothetical acid) ...
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Electrolysis of water with biocompatible electrolyte?
I want to perform electrolysis of water in a bacterial solution for production of hydrogen and oxygen. I am wondering what electrolytes could work best for this? The requirements are that the ...
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Will electrolysis hydrolyze esters?
I'm doing some electroplating. Now, I want to know which components of my electroplating solution are being expended as I go about electroplating. I needed a wetting agent/surfactant & decided to ...
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Proper batch adsorption mechanism for heavy metals
I'm a college student with scope on environmental science, specifically the adsorption of heavy metals in aquatic media.
Currently, I suffered from serious issue of batch adsorption mechanism, which ...
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Is it possible for sucrose to hydrolyse in water with a small amount of weak acid at room temperature?
Sucrose hydrolysis in the industry is done using HCl and heat. On the other hand I know that bee keepers add some of acetic or citric acid to wet sugar to prepare emergency food supply for bees, what ...
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DIY hydrolysis of starch with copper and test them with polarizer sheet due to muta rotation
When I read about muta rotation — the interconversion of alpha to beta glucose — recently, I decided to do it with rice, because rice contain 66% of starch which is alpha glucose polymer. To hydrolyze ...
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Hydrolyse a fluorophosphonic compound / Which protective group strategy can I use for phosphonate esters to access the free acid after a reaction?
I have a synthetic problem in my PhD thesis, in which I synthesize a phosphonate ester.
To be more precise, it is a phosphonofluoridic compound. In my specific case, the fluorine attached to the ...
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Soluble Ion separation [closed]
Is it possible to separate ions dissolved in solution? I know that the charges have to be balanced, so thinking that maybe it is possible to artificially give that charge? Take for example, sodium ...
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Does Sugru (Formerol) decay underwater?
Sugru is described as waterproof and dishwasher-safe, but I still wonder if it will decay quickly (within months) if submerged in room-temperature tap water.
Aren't silicone rubbers susceptible to ...
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Metal hydrolysis and equilbrium constants from stability constants
Problem: I want to create minimum solubility plots for a series of metal hydrolysis species against pH (below). But I cannot reconcile literature stability constants and equilibrium constants.
Context:...
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Hydrolyse Phosphonate diester to free phosphonic acid under relatively mild conditions?
I want to hydrolyse a phosphonic acid diethylester to the corresponding free phosphonic acid. In the literature, it is described, that usually strongly basic or acidic conditions are utilized to ...
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Reason for large barrier of hydrogenation of ATP
Why does hydrogenation of ATP have high barrier (mostly doesn't happen spontaneous in typical biological conditions) compared to hydrogenation of OH- (does happen spontaneously). Both contain Oxygen ...
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Acid hydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis
Alkaline hydrolysis is not called "alkali hydrolysis", while acid hydrolysis is not called "acidic hydrolysis". Why? I am asking this question as I believe it may not be a simple ...
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Explain the mechanism of the following reaction, which involves a 1,2-alkyl migration with double inversion of configuration
I came across the following reaction, whose mechanism is said to involve a 1,2-alkyl migration with a double inversion in configuration. The reagents used were nitrous acid (generated in situ) ...
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Why do we have to prevent the hydrolysis of iron(III) nitrate?
I want to make particular concentration of ferric ions from $\ce{Fe(NO3)3.9H2O}$, and then I found this video
It says that we have to add nitric acid to prevent iron from hydrolysis, what does it mean?...
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Does BCl4- exist? [closed]
Is [BCl4-] a good Lewis acid as I according to Jerry March's Advanced Organic Chemistry ,the reactivity order of Lewis acids in Friedel Craft reactions , BCl3 is mentioned which means that BCl4- is a ...
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By what mechanism does amylase catalyze hydrolysis?
I've recently been learning bits and pieces of starch metabolism, and am wondering if anyone could explain exactly what is going on when alpha or beta amylase "cleaves" the 1-4 glycosidic ...
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Hydrolysis of polyamides using solid acid catalyst
The neutral hydrolysis of polyamides (eg. nylon 6,6) does not go to completion as the reaction is reversible. You can get around this by carrying out the reaction in an acidic/basic medium. With acid ...
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Is there any literature regarding the neutral hydrolysis of nylon 66?
I am working on a project for my thesis regarding the neutral hydrolysis of nylon 66 at high temperatures and pressures (265C,40 bar) however the only literature I could find relates to alkaline and ...
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Can copper hydroxide be formed as a byproduct of water electrolysis?
I was electrolysing water with a 12v DC power supply at about 3 milliamps, using copper wire for both my anode and cathode. The solution was about 17 grams of table salt in 750 milliliters of purified ...
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How to separate nylon 66 salt (hexamethylenediammonium adipate) into adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine?
After hydrolyzing nylon 66 in water (neutral hydrolysis) in a batch autoclave reactor, the resulting solution contains the organic salt hexamethylenediammonium adipate.
Is there any way to precipitate ...
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How does the branched structure of glycogen, increase its ability to be hydrolysed?
"Glycogen branching is essential because it allows for increased water solubility and several sites to break it down; this allows for easy and quick glycogen utilization when it is broken down&...
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Why is the hydrolysis constant of a salt of Weak Acid and a Weak Base so?
I read that the hydrolysis constant for a salt of a weak acid and a weak base is
Kh=Kw/(Ka*Kb)
Now I recall reading in the autoionization of water that Kw=Ka*Kb.
So, is there any relation between the ...
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Why are certain hot polycarbonate films stickier than others? Molecular weight? Hydrolysis?
In van der waals dry transfer, we pick up flakes of materials such as graphene using polymer films. The material is exfoliated onto an SiO2 covered wafer and picked off using the polymer film. It's ...
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Why does base aspirin hydrolysis work better than acid aspirin hydrolysis? [duplicate]
Why does base aspirin hydrolysis work better than acid aspirin hydrolysis?
I conducted an experiment and found that there was greater Salicylic Acid yield for the one I added base compared to the one ...
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Heating effect of alkaline earth metal chloride
Why does $\ce{MgCl2.8H2O}$ undergoes internal hydrolysis?
$$\ce{MgCl2.8H2O(s) ->[\Delta]MgO(s) + H2O + HCl}$$
while Calcium, Strontium, and barium undergoes dehydration and form anhydrous chloride.
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Why Hg doesn’t form hydroxide?
In my textbook it was written that if you put alkali solution into Hg2+ solution you won't get Hg(OH)2 but you get HgO.
And this is because Hg has high electronegativity and this makes polarization of ...
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What do you think is happening to aluminium in salt water with rusted copper?
I put some aluminium foil and rusted copper(namely a Japanese 10 yen coin) in saturated NaCl solution.
After some minutes tiny amount of small bubbles were observed on the surface of the foil.
After ...
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Aluminum nitride hydrolysis [closed]
I wanted to ask some reference about aluminum nitride hydrolysis in water.
Specifically I would like to know if there is the formation of radicals or of some other reactive species.
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Why is is that tellurium(VI) fluoride is completely hydrolysed but iodine(III) fluoride isn't, even in hot water?
Tellurium(VI) fluoride is completely hydrolysed into tellurium(VI) oxide and hydrofluoric acid, but iodine(III) fluoride isn't, stopping at the iodine(III) fluoride dihydroxide/hydrofluoric acid level,...
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Why doesn't an acid-base reaction occur in basic amide hydrolysis instead of nucleophilic acyl substitution?
In the reaction of Grignard reagent with a primary and secondary amide, nucleophilic acyl substiution doesn't happen. The reason given is that R- is a strong base as well as strong nucleophile, an ...
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How does the second hydrolysis of phthalimide work (hydrolysis of amide)?
In the hydrolysis of Phthalimides we can see two successive hydrolysis of "amides" see ChemLibre for a nice mechanism
This is interesting because normally (also according to ChemLibre) ...
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Is hydrolysis of acid chlorides still favored when the resulting acids cannot donate their protons?
For example, take the reaction:
MeCOCl + H₂O -> MeCOOH + HCl
Bonds broken: C-Cl + H-O -> 330 + 460 = 790 kJ/mol
Bonds formed: C-O + H-Cl -> 350 + 432 = 782 kJ/mol
I realize that BDE is only ...
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What makes a molecule lipopholic? [closed]
I know that non polar (Hydrophobic) molecules are usually lipophilic.
Is there a general explanation for this phenomenon, or does the explanation differ depending on the molecule itself?
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Why doesn't XeF6 displace oxygen from water?
Consider the following reactions (unbalanced):
$$
\begin{align}
\ce{XeF2 + H2O &→ Xe + HF + O2} \tag{a} \\
\ce{XeF4 + H2O &→ XeO3 + Xe + O2 + HF} \tag{b} \\
\ce{XeF6 + H2O &→ XeO3 + HF} \...
user121185
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Old sodium hydroxide based drain cleaner become stony and brown, not hydrosoluble anymore
My drain was clogged and I used an old sodium hydroxide based drain cleaner to free it. The cleaner was quite old and inside it was brownish and monolithic, not a bunch of small white spheres anymore.
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Can I degrade PLA into something usable?
I have a lot of 3D printer waste and don't have a recycling machine for it.
As a side project, I was wondering if there is any way to degrade/compost/recycle it meaningfully.
I have my Uni's chemistry ...
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Tetrachlorophosphonium
I am aware that PCl3 and PCl5 both react with water. In these reactions, water breaks the chlorine atoms off of the phosphorus atom and hydroxyl groups take their place:
$\ce{PCl3 + 3H2O -> H3PO3 + ...
user24301
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Mechanism for hydrolysis of cyanohydrin [closed]
I know that acetals can be hydrolyzed with H2SO4 but I am not sure how benzaldehyde would be formed following hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin. When I searched online it I found answers suggesting that a ...
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Alkaline hydrolysis with KOH instead of NaOH. Why?
I really loved the series breaking bad. So I started reading about the science behind. I found this paper:
Harnisch, F., & Salthammer, T. (2013). Die Chemie bei Breaking Bad. In Chemie in unserer ...
anon
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Comparing Rate of Hydrolysis of Acyl halides
In this particular question, my answer is (D) as steric hinderance is minimum there, but answer (B) was given due to the electron withdrawing (-M) effect of the nitro group.
Isn't steric hinderance ...
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How to remove starch from silicone ("Oogoo")?
Oogoo is an easy and cheap way of creating silicone rubber objects from a hand-formable putty. Basically: just mix silicone caulk with starch (I'm using acetate moisture absorbing silicone caulking ...
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Solubility of lead(II,IV) oxide
I was solving a question:
Which of the following liberate $\ce{O2}$ upon hydrolysis?
$\ce{Pb3O4}$
$\ce{KO2}$
$\ce{Na2O2}$
$\ce{Li2O2}$
The answer is no doubt $\ce{KO2}$ but if I am not wrong $\ce{...
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Grignard Reagent Facilitates Epoxide Opening
I have read from my textbook, that the opening of an epoxide ring with a strong nucleophile like a Grignard reagent, takes place from a less substituted side, with a higher SN2 character.
The acidic ...
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Why is the rate of solvolysis of t-butyl chloride lesser than that of 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane?
I came across a question regarding relative rate of solvolysis. According to the answer key:
My analysis:
As in all the three cases, the Cl atom is bounded to a tertiary carbon, hence, all of them ...
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Why is it advised to use neutral ferric chloride solution while performing confirmatory test for acetate ions? [duplicate]
The reaction of $\ce{FeCl3}$ with $\ce{CH3COO-}$ is
$$\ce{3Fe^{+3} +6CH3COO- +H2O<=> [Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)6]^{+} +2H^{+}}$$
Recently I read that a solution of $\ce{FeCl3}$ hydrolyses very quickly to ...
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