Questions tagged [entropy]
For questions about the thermodynamical state function entropy, commonly understood as a measure of disorder.
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Can reverse micelle's exist outside solution?
As in reverse micelle's, the polar liquid remains inside the micelle while the exterior is one of lower dielectric constant; if the liquid were to be carefully removed, would the micelle structure ...
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Question regarding Entropy [closed]
I had some doubts regarding the concept of entropy. My first doubt was
Entropy is defined as $ dS = dQ _{rev}/ T $ yet my textbook says that entropy is a state function. Isn't it the definition of a ...
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Loss of entropy and solvation energy in proteins
I am reading a chapter on protein stability. One section outlines the role of salt bridges or ion pairs in the stability of a protein. The excerpt goes as follows (italization added for emphasis):
...
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What is an example of an exothermic reaction with negative ∆S?
In high school we learn that when a reaction has both negative $\Delta{}S$ (entropy change) and negative $\Delta{}H$ (enthalpy change) it occurs spontaneously at lower temperatures, but becomes non-...
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Why is the Gibbs free energy of a reversible reaction not always 0? [duplicate]
From my understanding, reversible proceses are those where the expression:
$$\Delta S_\mathrm{total} = \Delta S_\mathrm{system} + \Delta S_\mathrm{surroundings} = 0$$
is true for all for the entire ...
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At equilibrium, which one of the following is always Zero? [duplicate]
At equilibrium, which one of the following is always zero?
(A)∆H
(B)∆S(Total)
(C)∆S(System)
(D)∆G°
I know that at equilibrium ∆G=0, and was facing difficulty in connecting the above mentioned ...
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How to derive the relation between entropy and heat described by the equation dS=dq/T?
I know that entropy is measure of disorder, and a book (Intro to Thermal Physics by David J. Schroeder) states that $\mathrm dS=\mathrm dq/T$, where $S$ is entropy, $q$ is heat flow, and $T$ is ...
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Equilibrium chemical potential if the population is not conserved?
The chemical potential, $\mu$, is equal to the free energy $F$, per photon.
$$F = \mu = u-Ts$$
The energy per photon is $u=h\nu$ and $s$ is the entropy per photon. Say we have a process where an ...
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Isn't the change in Gibbs free energy for a reversible process zero?
In problem 6, part 6.5 of the 2020 IChO (PDF), a thermodynamic cycle is given for “one mole of monoatomic perfect gas”:
$\mathrm{A \to B}$; isothermal reversible expansion receiving $\pu{250 J}$ by ...
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Justifying assumptions about method to find equilibrium pressure for co-existence of graphite and diamond
The standard state Gibbs free energies of formation of $\ce{C(graphite)}$ and $\ce{C(diamond)}$ at $T = \pu{298 K}$ are $\pu{0 kJ mol-1}$ and $\pu{2.9 kJ mol-1}$, respectively.
The conversion of ...
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What does the change in Gibbs Free Energy refer to?
Usually change is indicated as the difference between some initial and final state. However, for ΔG there seem to be multiple definitions and I am a bit confused. For example, at equilibrium, ΔG = 0 ...
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Change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes
The change in entropy for a reversible process is given as-
$\Delta$S = $\frac{q_{rev}}{T}$
Where qrev is the heat supplied isothermally and reversibly.
The change in entropy for a irreversible ...
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Where is my non-expansive work in combustion?
Consider if I burn some octane.
The enthalpy released is $5430 \;\text{kJ/mol}$. The Gibbs free energy released is $5537 \;\text{kJ/mol}$.
From my understanding, enthalpy is the heat change in the ...
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Does entropy contribute work?
I've seen that Gibbs free energy is defined as the maximum amount of work that a system can do. From this I gather, this is how much energy it will release - right?
But, I've also learnt that the heat ...
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Raising melting point of water at STP (using disolved impurities)
Typically, water experiences melting point depression when it is impure. The more impure it is, the lower the melting point, up to a point.
I understand you could raise the melting point by increasing ...
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Determining Boiling Point and Melting Point by Graph
This is the plot of $\Delta G^{^\circ}$ vs $T$ for $\ce{Pb-> PbO}$
I understand that the points where there is a sudden change in the slope of the graph, there is a phase change but exactly what ...
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Is there a parameter for degree of ‘mixedness’
So I was making coffee this morning and when mixing some milk into the black coffee, I wondered if there was some parameter or value in chemistry which describes how well mixed two liquids (or gases) ...
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What is 'non-expansion work' and how does ΔG represent the maximum non-expansion work that can be extracted in a reversible process? [duplicate]
I have just learned about Gibbs free energy and how its value indicates the change in entropy of the universe and can thus be used to find the spontaneity of a reaction. However, I found this other ...
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Are spontaneous exothermic reactions spontaneous due to more stable products or to an increase in the entropy of the surroundings? [closed]
The lattice formation of an ionic compound from its infinitely separated gaseous ions is spontaneous under standard conditions, but I cannot figure out the 'driving force' behind this.
One way to look ...
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Entropy change during electrolysis of water
Consider the electrolysis of water reaction:
$$\ce{H_2O -> H_2 + 1/2O_2}$$
At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the change in enthalpy of this reaction is $\Delta H = \pu{+286 kJ mol-1}$. ...
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Entropy change and heat transfer in non-ideal heat engines
Please help me, a mathematician, to make sense of entropy. I know it's a topic with about a million questions already, so I understand if this gets ignored. Yet for the life of me, I cannot make sense ...
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Are the derivations on Gibbs free energy consistent with the interpretation of entropy?
User Buck Thorn writes here that
In chemistry we are most often interested in the effect of changes in $T$ or $P$ on $\Delta G$ for some process such as a phase change or chemical reaction which is ...
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Why isn't entropy dimensionless?
The usual units are J/K, however
the only reason temperature has different units than energy is because we didn't used to know temperature was just the average kinetic energy of atoms/molecules. ...
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Why is the spectroscopic entropy of carbon monooxide higher than that of nitrogen?
While solving a question set, I found a question with this data table (at $\pu{298K}$):
$$
\begin{array}{lrrr}
\hline
\text{Substance} & T_\mathrm b/\pu{K} & S^⦵_\mathrm{cal}/R & S^⦵_\...
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Calculating specific heat capacity from entropy
I'm currently struggling with a specific thermodynamics problem.
I'm given the entropy of a system (where A is a constant with fitting physical units): $$S(U,V,N)=A(UVN)^{1/3}$$
I'm asked to calculate ...
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Why is enthalpy and not heat released by system used while calculating entropy of surroundings?
While finding the sum of change in entropy of the universe and thus defining Gibbs free energy, why is the change in entropy of surrounding the negative of enthalpy of the system divided by the ...
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Entropy between elements and compounds
I have encountered this reaction when I am learning entropy:
I don't understand why there is an increase in entropy (said to be slightly larger than 0).
What I am thinking is:
both reactants and ...
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Does the entropy of a chemical system increase in an endothermic reaction?
Since entropy increases when temperature increases, the entropy of surroundings increases during an exothermic reaction. When I apply the same logic, it seems like the entropy of a chemical system ...
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Ordered and random energy [closed]
One of the books refer to potential energy being ordered whereas heat energy being random. Could someone explain what is ordered and random energy?
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Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy of Chelate Complexes
Of [Cd(NH2CH3)4]2+ and [Cd(en)2]2+ the stability of the latter is higher than the former attributing to chelation in the en complex .This is evident from the fact that the Gibbs Free Energy change for ...
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Is it possible to measure the entropy of a chemical reaction through calorimetry?
My broad question is how do you measure entropy change? I was doing a bit of digging into how thermodynamic tables are developed at I got this from NIST. Basically it seems like you need to indirectly ...
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Entropy problem [closed]
A tank is divided into two equal chambers by an internal diaphragm. One chamber contains methane at a pressure of $\pu{500 bar}$ and a temperature of $\pu{20 °C},$ and the other chamber is evacuated. ...
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What is the trend in hydration entropy of alkali metal ions?
Is there a trend in alkali metal ion hydration entropy?
There's much talk of hydration enthalpy, but I have a hard time finding information about the change in entropy.
Am I right in thinking that Li$^...
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why is entropy maximum at equilibrium for a closed system? [closed]
I don't understand why entropy is maximum at equilibrium for a closed system:(
I tried understanding some of the answers her on chemistry StackExchange but they involved the use of probabilistic ...
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Isobaric entropy relation from isothermal Gibbs free energy relation
I have been given a problem to derive a relation for change in entropy from change in Gibbs free energy:
Starting with the isothermal equation
$$G(p_2) = G(p_1) + nRT\ln\frac{p_2}{p_1}\label{eqn:1}\...
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Entropy of free expansion and isothermal process
Let me tell what I understand of the concepts on which the question is based first.
Heat is a flow of energy that takes place due to a temperature gradient.
When doing reversible isothermal expansion ...
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Total entropy change for a spontaneous reaction
For the oxidation of iron,
$$\ce{4 Fe(s) + 3 H2O(g) -> 2 Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2(g)}$$
the entropy change is $ \pu{–549.4 J K^{-1} mol^{-1}}$ at $\pu{298 K}.$ In spite of the negative entropy change of ...
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How can change in entropy be the same for all processes if the entropy production $\sigma$ is present for irreversible processes?
From the definition of entropy change,
$$S_2-S_1=\left ( \int_{1}^{2} \frac{\delta Q}{T}\right )_{int.rev}$$
From the closed system entropy balance, we have
$$S_2-S_1=\left ( \int_{1}^{2} \frac{\delta ...
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Derivation and visualization of cell potential dependency on temperature and entropy
Working from the thermodynamic identity
$$\Delta{S} = -\left(\frac{\partial{\Delta{G}}}{\partial{T}}\right)_p,$$
is it allowed to integrate both sides to obtain an expression derived from the Nernst ...
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Entropy of Dissolution of Hydrocarbons
Here is what I think I know: The entropy of dissolution reactions increases as methylene groups are added (i.e. butanol has higher entropy of dissolution than propanol). Also, acyclic saturated ...
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How to find the equilibrium constant under non-standard conditions?
Given the following thermodynamic data at $\pu{298 K}:$
$$
\begin{array}{lrrr}
\hline
\text{Compound} & \Delta_\mathrm{f}H^\circ/\pu{kJ mol^-1} & S^\circ/\pu{J K^-1 mol^-1} & C_p^\circ/\pu{...
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Change in enthalpy and entropy when sugar dissolves in water
We know that dissolution of sugar in water is a spontaneous process.
So, change in Gibbs free energy $(ΔG)$ must be negative for the overall process:
$$ΔG = ΔH - TΔS < 0$$
Hence either the enthalpy ...
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Entropy change during irreversible process
Entropy change is defined as $\Delta S = \int \frac{\delta Q_{rev}}{T} $, where $Q_{rev}$ is heat transferred through a reversible process. I’m a little confused how this works, so I have a couple of ...
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Why does entropy increase in reactions that make more molecules?
I used to understand this (more molecules ⇒ more degrees of freedom), but do no longer, because the total number of atoms is conserved, so translational d.o.f. should just be turned into internal d.o....
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How to calculate ∆rGº from entropy and ∆fGº in different temperatures? [closed]
"The total oxidation of glucose occurs according to the following chemical equation:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) -> 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)
The following table gives us the free energies of standard ...
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Change of entropy of a thermal reservoir [closed]
How to calculate/derive the change in entropy of a heat reservoir as function of its internal energy? If the constant temperature of heat reservoir is T, and
$$ S(U_0)=S_0,$$
what is $$ S(U)? $$
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(Probabilistic) entropy associated with many equally probable microstates
This is a pretty naive question. The probabilistic definition of entropy is (for a mole of particles)
$$-R\sum_i p_i\ln p_i $$ in which $p_i$ is the probability of a given microstate and $\sum p_i =1, ...
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Total Entropy of the Atkinson Cycle
I was researching for a question that asked me to find a ratio of temperatures, and I came across this, which would help me greatly:
Since, most of the temperature changes occur during the isochoric (...
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What is the mechanism of endothermic dissolution?
My real question is in fact "How can dissolution happen if it's endothermic?" However, there
have been many questions regarding this exact topic and the answers about Gibbs free energy
...
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What is the fundamental difference between temperature and energy? [duplicate]
We know that temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of a system. We also know that temperature is not the same as energy because the temperature is intensive while the temperature ...