Questions tagged [electrons]
Electrons are subatomic particles with the symbol e−. They have a negative electric charge (-1 elementary charge. )
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Electroplating of Copper [closed]
I know that oxygen gets liberated at the anode in the electrolysis of aqCuSO₄ solution in the presence of inert platinum electrodes as the oxidation potential of H₂O is higher than that of SO₄²⁻,...
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How many electron clouds are in an atomic orbital? [duplicate]
If an atomic orbital consisted of 2 electrons (its maximum capacity), how many electron clouds would there be?
I think its 2 electron clouds, one for each electron but I'd love some confirmation.
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Can a charge smaller than that of an electron exist? If so how? [closed]
In school I've always been taught that the smallest charge possible is that of an electron( or proton) however I recently solved a question regarding a dipole and the charge came smaller than that of ...
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1answer
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How does the charge imbalance affect the cell reaction when there is no salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
As mentioned in the answers to this question Why is it important to use a salt bridge in a voltaic cell? Can a wire be used? a salt bridge is used to keep the two half cells neutral. i understand how ...
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How can we determine an element's number of electrons with a magnetic quantum number of zero (ml=0)?
I know how to find the number of electrons in an element, but I'm not sure if there's any formula to determine an element's number of electrons with a magnetic quantum number of zero (ml=0).
For ...
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Why do we see complementary colors in UV/Vis Spectroscopy? [closed]
From what I read, a compound that absorbs visible light will produce a complementary color (using the color wheel), that can be seen. Why is this the case? Is it because, for example, if a molecule ...
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Is the C-I bond polar?
Carbon and iodine have similar electronegativities. The reason quoted for the C-I bond having polarity is that iodine is more polarisable.
But what does this actually mean? Carbon distorts the ...
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1answer
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Alkali metals chemistry [closed]
Ok my understanding of the electronic structure of atoms could be wrong but this is why I don't understand:Why alkali metals are so much electropositive.
Some high school professor in chemistry would ...
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Why doesn't core charge increase down a group? [closed]
Atomic radius increases down a group because the electrons feel a lesser attraction to the positive nucleus (due to shielding from inner shells). Why then, doesn't core charge decrease seeing as core ...
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2answers
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How come we can't use the equivalence point equation of NV=NV in this problem?
So, the problem is you prepare to standardize a $\ce{Na2S2O3}$ solution. $\pu{32 mL}$ of $\ce{Na2S2O3}$ solution is titrated into $\pu{50 mL}$ of a $\pu{0.01 M} \ \ce{KIO3}$ solution to reach the ...
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Where do the electrons in lead–acid battery come from? [closed]
$$
\begin{align}
\ce{PbO2 + H2SO4 &-> PbSO4 + H2O + O} &\quad &\text{(anode)}\\
\ce{Pb + H2SO4 &-> PbSO4 + H2} &\quad &\text{(cathode)}
\end{align}
$$
The cathode’s $\ce{...
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Does an orbital have its own energy, separate from the electron? Can I picture them as a entity independent from the hosted particle? [closed]
Does an orbital have its own energy, separate from the electron? If so, is it possible for an electron to have a different energy than the orbital it occupies?
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Equilibrium cell potential question
In an attempt to wrap my head around the basics of electrochemistry I'm working my way through Wesley R. Browne's 'Electrochemistry' primer.
With regards to the equilibrium potential of an ...
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Is my understanding of cyclic voltammetry correct? [closed]
So recently I've been roped into doing some CV and I'm trying to wrap my head around the fundamentals of the science behind it (and electrochemistry more generally! Bare in mind I'm very much not an ...
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How does actually negative charge travel in phenol from ortho to para to ortho? [duplicate]
When we say negative charge flows from ortho to para position, and electron density at ortho and para is more, where does electron actually stay at ortho and para? Is it at $p_\mathrm{z}$ orbital or ...
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Difference in a array of probability density plots for the electron in its lowest-energy states of Hydrgen atom [closed]
Dynamic Periodic Table
If you visit Dynamic Peridic Table, You will notice that for n=4 l=3,2 m=0,0, and n=2,l=1, m=0 there is a difference in the probability density plots for electron in its ...
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1answer
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Breaking of carbon chains due to annihilation of electrons using positron beams
I and my friends were taking part in a competition(physics and chem expertise needed) and we were having a few doubts about something. I was hoping if anyone of you can help in the clarification of ...
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Term symbols for excited nitrogen (2s2p^4 configuration)
Looking at the NIST levels listing for neutral nitrogen atom, one of the excited configuration is $2s2p^4$ configuration.
https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/energy1.pl?encodedlist=XXT2&de=0&...
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1answer
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Electron arrangement in Nickel [duplicate]
I'm struggling to understand why the element Nickel can be written like so: [Ar]3d84s2, but cannot be written as [Ar]3d10.
I know that the d-orbital can 'house' 10 electrons, and that according to ...
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Photoelectric effect question
My attempt:- 1)At 0.68e15 Hz frequency of light,Metal A gives 7.2eV Kinetic Energy(KE).
2)At 1e15 Hz frequency of light, Metal B, gives 6eV Kinetic Energy.
3) At 1.1e15 Hz frequency of light, Metal ...
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2answers
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Spin Operator algebra
I am trying to teach myself some QM.
In Christopher J. Cramers textbook Essentials of Computational Chemistry: theory and models, in Appendix C, he goes over Spin algebra.
I am unable to calculate ...
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Why does ψ^2 ( square of orbital wave function ψ) give the probability of an electron in a given region? [duplicate]
Today I was introduced to the Orbital Wave Function for electrons.
$\Psi$ is a mathematical function for coordinate of electrons and has no physical meaning.
But $\Psi^2$ gives probability of an ...
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1answer
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Electron pairing in atoms
A question asks:
This question refers to isolated gaseous atoms. In which atom are all electrons paired? Ba, Br, S or Si?
I thought it was Ba as its electron configuration is [Xe] 6s2.
However, ...
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Why is the first energy of ionization of oxygen lesser than that of nitrogen? [duplicate]
The following question arises from a question I found in my book.
Experimentally it has been determined that the value of the first
energy of ionization of oxygen is lesser than the first energy ...
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1answer
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Predicting directions of redox reactions [closed]
Hello!
In this textbook example question, how come the chlorine reaction, which has the greatest reducing power will not react? If it has the greatest E of 1.36 V that means it has most reducing ...
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1answer
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How does Fe2+ become Fe in sacrificial protection? [closed]
I've searched low and high on the internet, but nothing to help me.
I know that zinc is oxidised in preference to iron, and that it "donates" those two electrons to iron.
$$\ce{Zn -> Zn^2+ + 2e-}$$...
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Reconciling electron configuration and valence electron distribution over separate energy levels in energy band theory [duplicate]
The electron configuration of a Silicon atom in its ground state is $\ce{1s^2 2s^2 2p^2 3s^2 3p^2}$, or equivalently, $\ce{[Ne] 3s^2 3p^2}$.
When looking at the energy-level scheme of a silicon atom, ...
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Direction of electron density in p orbitals
$\mathrm{s}$ orbitals are spherically symmetric while $\mathrm{p}$ orbitals are not. For Boron, the electronic configuration is $\mathrm{1s^2 2s^2 2p^1}$.
In which p orbital does the most energetic ...
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On steric effects and stereoelectronic effects
From what I understand, stereoelectronic effects are the structure, reactivity, and physical properties of molecules as a result of relative arrangement of orbitals in space. Steric effects result ...
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1answer
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Why oxidation potential of an electrode equals negative reduction potential of the same electrode?
My textbook states that:
$E^\circ_\mathrm{ox} = -E^\circ_\mathrm{red}$ (of same electrode)
I know that electrons flow from anode half cell (oxidation) to cathode half cell (reduction).
But if $E^\...
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Has a concept of temperature ever been defined in the context of a single atom?
I wonder if this answer to What would happen if we supercool and then superheat an atom very abruptly? goes far enough.
I almost wrote the comment:
I don't think we can even talk about the ...
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1answer
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How does liquid mercury conduct electricity? [closed]
It is stated that mercury is a liquid at STP because the high relativistic mass of its valence electrons stabilizes their orbits and thus prevents the electrons from being shared. If so, liquid ...
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1answer
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Confused about identifying delocalized electron pairs in Isoniazid
I have to identify delocalized electron pairs in Isoniazid (pairs not shown in the image below):
I know the nitrogen in the ring has a localized electron pair, since it already forms a pi bond. I'm ...
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Is the nickel an exceptions to the electron configuration? [duplicate]
the electron config. is this 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^8 can the 2 electrons in the 4s be donated to the 3d to make them diamagnetic?
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Free Electron-Bond Electron Interactions
I am reading an introductory textbook on electronics: Practical Electronics for Inventors by Paul Scherz and Simon Monk. In a section discussing the motion of electrons in circuits, the textbook ...
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1answer
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Atomic emission spectrum assumption n_f = 3
It's a standard question on the atomic emission spectrum.
An atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen shows three wavelengths: 1875 nm, 1282 nm, and 1093 nm. Assign this wavelengths to transitions in ...
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1answer
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Characteristics of Isotopes [closed]
I'm currently applying information theory to physics, and have begun considering the nature of isotopes, and in particular, how much information is contributed to the properties of an element by its ...
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2answers
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Why does heating an atom make it emit certain frequencies? [closed]
We're going over quantum basics in chemistry right now and I'm very confused.
Electrons can only accept in discreet quanta to move up an energy level, right? And they reflect other forms of light ...
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2answers
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Why does an electron lose energy so that it falls back to a lower energy state than just stay at the higher energy state?
Suppose an electron in the 2nd shell gets excited and jumps to the 4th shell. Shouldn't the electron then exist in an unstable equilibrium in the 4th shell, than lose energy and drop down to the 2nd ...
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2answers
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If a beta particle is just an electron, what causes it to be radioactive/dangerous? [closed]
Like what the title says, my question is if a beta particle is just an electron, what causes it to be dangerous?
I understand that a beta particle is not only an electron but it is also one with a ...
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1answer
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Why does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle work in an atom? [closed]
Where is my logic wrong?
An electron can only assume quantized energies in an atom.
If an electron is localized in space in a hydrogen atom, its radius is known. If its radius is known, its ...
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0answers
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Properties that probe electron kinetic energy
This post is inspired by a question regarding the meaning of off-diagonal elements of the KE matrix (in some AO basis). One answer suggests that a diagonalized KE matrix might not be very useful. I ...
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3answers
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Did the finding of the electron from cathode rays/ oil drop experiment at least temporarily throw Dalton's Atomic theory “out the window”?
Because chemists learned that the atom was divisible, did Dalton's theory get any criticism or did they just adjust the theory to fit the new idea?
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Electron Spin, and the Stern-Gerlach Experiment
I think I understand the basics of the electron spin. However, I'm trying to figure out how to tell if, when shooting a beam of atoms (the Stern-Gerlach experiment), how to tell if an element will ...
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1answer
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What's the difference between atomic orbitals and energy levels? [duplicate]
If I'm drawing a Bohr model of Neon, the middle is the nucleus, the first energy level contains 2 electrons. The second level contains 8 electrons. 8+2= 10, Neon's atomic number. But then what are ...
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1answer
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Are all lone pairs considered as π-electrons?
According to me, in methylenepyran 8 π-electrons are present as there are 3 double bonds. Therefore, 2 × 3 = 6 π-electrons and 2 π-electrons as one of the two lone pairs of oxygen will participate in ...
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How can a neutral atom attract electrons when it's supposed to have zero charge?
A neutral atom is an atom with an equal number of protons and electrons
We know the force of attraction between the proton and electron is equal
and assuming that:
one proton's positive charge ...
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0answers
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Electron shells and subshells energies [duplicate]
According to what i learned in university, the energy of orbitals increases when the principal quantum number n increases. Also, in a given shell, s orbitals have lower energy than p orbitals which ...
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1answer
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How did Thomson calculate the momentum of electron when he didn't know the mass of electron?
This was proven in 1903 by J. J. Thomson who calculated that the momentum of the electrons hitting the paddle wheel would only be sufficient to turn the wheel one revolution per minute. source
J. J. ...
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What will happen if electron as a wave undergo destructive interference while travelling in its Orbit?
Today I came across a justification of Bohr's angular momentum quantization using the De- Broglie's hypothesis.
The justification said that since the electrons are having wave nature also then while ...
