Questions tagged [electrons]
Electrons are subatomic particles with the symbol e−. They have a negative electric charge (-1 elementary charge. )
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How to compute solvent reorganization energy in Marcus' non-equilibrium approach?
I try to solve the following equations for some system solvated in the water. The goal is to obtain value in kcal/mol. Unfortunately, I cannot reach the desired output. May someone help me?
The ...
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In JJ thomson's cathode ray experiment why is the effect of gravity on the electron not considered? [closed]
Explaining the setup:
The experiment is described in the picture.
Instead of the magnets in the picture imagine two circular coils on both the sides with current running through it, this creates a ...
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The speed of movement of electrons in the process of producing X-rays [closed]
When the irradiated electron stream is moving towards the target atom
Before it loses its momentum and produces energy due to hitting the target, that is, what changes its speed on the way to the ...
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How does the same electron orbit both atoms in covalent bond? [closed]
During elementary school chemistry, when they teach about the covalent bond, they say that both atoms need the electron but they can't lose or gain them so they share it.
And for instance they show us ...
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Order of radical dimerization ability
In a question I came across recently, it was asked to arrange the following radicals in the ascending order of dimerization ability.
I have read about the triphenylmethyl radical undergoing Gomberg ...
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Why are different Aluminium valencies observed from NMR and what logic can be used to normalise molar ratios of different valency atoms?
Question 1:
I've observed different chemical shifts in 27Al Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra of commercial aqueous sodium aluminate, indicating the presence of both trivalent [Al(III)] and ...
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Where does the ionisation energy for a reaction to take place comes from? [closed]
Can anyone tell me exactly what happens during a chemical reaction in terms of ionisation energy? I know that during a reaction there is an exchange of electrons (except for those where electrons are ...
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Measurement of the number of electrons, protons and neutrons inside an atom
How do we measure the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons inside an atom? What experiments can be conducted to determine, for example, that an iron atom contains 26 protons?
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If charge is quantised, how can It delocalize?
As I was trying to understand resonance, I got to know that it was imaginary phenomenon and it is just a tool to explain mechanisms and structures that are unexplained by Lewis dot structures or ...
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Electron energy shells/ levels
Essentially, I am told electron shell closest to the nucleus is the lowest energy level and subsequent shells have higher energy (I.e. those further from the nucleus).
But..... electrons in the ...
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Why does the oxygen in NaOH (sodium hydroxide) acquire an electron from the sodium if it's going to become unstable and give away the electron? [closed]
Mind you that the oxygen is already stable, having an even number of electrons and protons? Is the oxygen really neutral when it has an even number of electrons and protons?
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Energy Levels in Bohr's Diagram
When drawing the Bohr Diagram of Potassium with 19 electrons, the valence electron goes in the fourth concentric circle, but third energy level can hold up to 18 electrons? Does it mean that ...
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Why is there a point of orbits along with quantization in case of energy gaps?
As per my textbook and online sources. The definition of Energy bands I have found is this:
A) Energy levels:
( In a simplified view of an electronic structure of a single atom or isolated molecule.
...
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Refrence on shielding effect vs inter electronic repulsion
Recently I came across a very interesting concept , some scholars were saying that -
Shielding accounts just one component (radial) of interelectronic repulsion not complete repulsion
Who they are -
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Comparing Succesive Ionisation Energies
I am trying to understand successive ionisation energies. In particular, an explanation for why the second ionisation energy is greater than the first ionisation energy. I'm looking for a clear and ...
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Confusion about the number of microstates for orbitals
I am very confused about the microstates for a specific orbital.
Let's suppose I have an electronic configuration
$$
\ce{[\dots] 2p^5}
$$
Considering the symmetry of the orbitals and the "...
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In a flame test, what is being excited? [duplicate]
I have done a flame test with $\ce{NaCl}$ and got the yellow characteristic flame of sodium. I am trying to understand exactly how this yellow color is being produced and when I searched for it, I got ...
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Question about reaction in battery
I made a battery like this.
$\ce{(-)Al|HCl,CuSO4|Cu(+)}$
By piling up 6 battery of this(actually I made this using 10 yen and 1 yen coins:10yen coin is Cu and 1 yen coin is Al.) I could turn on an LED ...
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Magnetic moment of an electron not parallel to its angular momentum?
For the total angular momentum of an electron $\vec{J} = \vec{L} + \vec{S}$, we're often shown a picture like this
where I assume that the $\vec{L}$ and $\vec{S}$ cones are centred on the $J$ axis ...
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why chemical bond between Na and Cl happens [closed]
We know that if Cl and Na get too close, they produce ionic bonding.
Cl has 17 proton and 17 electrons and is considered stable.
Na has 11 protons and 11 electrons and is considered stable.
I ...
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when would copper material have free electrons [closed]
If you imagine a wire of copper(note that I am not talking about electricity at all). Just only a wire of copper or copper metal or whatever full of copper atoms.
We know that each copper atom has 1 ...
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what happens to electron after beta minus decay [closed]
In the beta minus decay, electron is emitted from the nucleus. It depends on the previous nuclei(that was before beta decay) how much energy emitted electron will have.
After this event, Internal ...
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Are elements made out of many atoms? [closed]
So im reading a chemistry book right now, and always thought an element is made out of ONE atom, with special properties that make it this element.
Amount of Protons, neutrons and electrons.
But this ...
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Does effective nuclear charge decrease down the group?
I've read that the effective nuclear charge increases down the group.
This seems incorrect. As we go down the group the number of protons increases and the shielding constant also increases. We can ...
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Can someone elaborate what it means when its said that electron shells do not exist in multi electron systems?
I'm an undergraduate student in chemistry. I'm trying to grapple with all the new stuff we're learning and making sense of it. Now I want to know if electron shells really "exist" in multi ...
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Why does atomic radius decrease across periods? [closed]
My textbook says that this happens because the number of protons, and thus the total positive charge, increases - a greater attractive force acts on each electron. The book says that this is despite ...
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How many m values are there for the 4f sublevel. In high school so no fancy words please! [closed]
How many m values are there for the 4f sublevel? In high school so no fancy words please!
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How does the electron get back to the ground state at the energy level? [closed]
I have a doubt about how this emission process is carried out in the atom where we have the orbiting electron and we want the electron to return to the fundamental value.
I know that in absorption we ...
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How does an electrons's wave function change when it moves between energy levels?
I'm taking a class on QM and we're simulating the wave function of an electron in a box at the lowest energy level and I'm supposed to change the simulation to show the wave function for the next ...
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The first electron affinity of an atom
I've read that the first electron affinity is always negative, meaning that energy is always released upon the addition of this first electron. However, I don't think this will apply to noble gases. ...
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Why do non-metals not have delocalised electrons, whilst metals do have delocalised electrons?
Why do non-metals not have delocalised electrons, whilst metals do have delocalised electrons? I understand that delocalised electrons is defined as “electrons that are not bound in place to a single ...
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How does hydrogen and oxygen combine to make water? [closed]
When two hydrogen atoms fuse with one oxygen atom to create a molecule of water, each hydrogen atom donates its single electron to the oxygen atom, resulting in 10 electrons for the oxygen, instead of ...
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Why is the first electron affinity exothermic and successive ones endothermic?
I am having trouble wrapping my head around electron affinities. And the textbook explanations aren't very helpful.
So, the textbook says that the 1st electron affinity is generally exothermic. The ...
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In mercury the o shell has 18 electrons but we know that second last shell cannot have more than 8 electrons? [closed]
The last shell has 2 electrons and the second last has eighteen electrons. Byt we know that second last shell cannot have more than 8 electrons. Then how is this possible. Please explain in simple ...
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Electron orbitals
Can electrons be found anywhere within the space described by a 3D orbital "90% of the time" (as stated in my textbook)? But that would mean they can be found right next to the nucleus or in ...
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Why do nuclei move considerably slower than electrons
I've been trying to learn quantum chemistry at an introductionary level. While reading I've found out that the Born-Oppenheimer approximation seems to be the reason for the basic and crucial model of ...
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Length of a 1D box in hexa-1,3,5-triene
Problem
From Hayward's Quantum Mechanics for Chemists [1, p. 36]
2.3. Calculate the wavelength of light that will be absorbed when
a it electron in hexa-1,3,5-triene, $\ce{CH2=CH—CH=CH—CH=CH2},$ is ...
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If you give an electron in a subshell more energy, does it simply "jump" to the next energy level?
Suppose you have an electron in the $\ce{2s}$ subshell of an atom. If energy is given to it, does it simply jump to the next energy level (into the $\ce{3s}$ subshell), or does it move into $\ce{2p}$?
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Which is faster? Electron close to the atom's nucleus or the one far from it and why? [closed]
As we know when the distance between the atom's nucleus and the electron increase the energy of it increase but what about the speed, as physics say that the smaller the radius is the faster the body ...
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Is the given figure correct? Does the electron really flow out as depicted by the arrow? [closed]
Someone up here questioned about the figure and that the arrow is pointless and doesnt make sense? Or is it?
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Terms used to describe the Pauli exclusion principle
This is a very simple question. Today, someone explained to me that the Pauli exclusion principle says that "no two electrons can occupy the same energy state". However, I believe that this ...
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Why does the same electron transition release photons of different frequencies for some elements?
Question: For elements in the same period with different numbers of valance electrons, why does the same electron transition release photons of different frequencies?
Example: For valance electrons ...
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How can Planck’s equation and the wave equation simultaneously coexist with contradicting each other? [closed]
The equations:
E=hf (Planck’s equation, where E is the energy, h is the Planck’s constant and f is the frequency) and
V=fλ (where v is the speed (in a vacuum), f is frequency and λ is the wavelength) ...
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Why is the d subshell only stable when all of its orbitals are filled? [closed]
I was learning about the Aufbau principle and quantum electronic configuration. Here are some of the yet-unanswered queries that I wish to know the answers to.
I discovered that the d subshell is ...
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Why aluminum does not form ammonia complex ion?
I learned in my textbook that zinc forms more stable complex ion with NH3 than OH- because NH3 has only one lone pair and that makes repulsion between d orbital electron in zinc and lone pair electron ...
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What is resonance in actuality? (How does electron sharing, bond formation, and overlapping of orbitals take place in resonance hybrids?) [duplicate]
In this post I got an answer to the question "what is resonance".
What I understand overall is that "resonance is not something really happening physically, it is just an idea to make ...
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What is the energy difference between inner subshells?
For exemple, in silver the energy difference between the 4d 5s subshells is ≈ 4 eV (in the ultraviolet region, that's why it has no color, etc.), but what is the energy difference between some of its ...
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Why does lead gains electrons in the cathode? [closed]
In lead(II) bromide electrolysis, lead is attracted to the cathode and gains electrons. Why does it gain electrons when losing them would be easier since its charge is +2 meaning it would need to lose ...
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how to make a PEM (proton exchange membrane) out of Nafion Dispersions?
I would like to use a Nafion membrane for a fuel cell project, but the Nafion sheets are hard to integrate. Therefore, I would like a gel type of Nafion that can take the shape of the container I put ...
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What does it mean when we say an atom has infinite energy levels/shells? [closed]
My chemistry teacher told that an atom has infinite energy shells according to Bohr model , where electron reside according to its angular momentum and energy.
But in lower classes/ grades I have ...