Questions tagged [electronegativity]
Refers to ability for an atom in a covalent framework to attract electron density to itself. Do not conflate with electron affinity, which is the ability of a lone atom (or molecule) to attract an electron to itself. Both are measured in joules/mole.
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Which is more electronegative, deuterium or hydrogen
There has not been a clear answer found so I am asking here - which is more electronegative or which would display a greater electronegativity in compounds H2O and D2O and why - deuterium or protium. ...
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Comparing stability of acetate and formate with respect to inductive effect
According to my teacher, the order for +I effect is
$$\ce{-CH2-} > \ce{-NH^-} > \ce{-O^-} > \ce{-COO^-} > \ce{-R} > \ce{-H}.$$
So, $\ce{-COO^-}$ must have more pronounced +I effect ...
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Acidity of toluene compared to propyne
Why is propyne more acidic than toluene? The carbanion formed in case of toluene is easily stabilised by resonance and -I effect of toluene. In case of propyne there is an electron donating ...
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Why can't ethyne form hydrogen bonds in water?
I was recently taught about hydrogen bonding and I learnt that a hydrogen atom attached to fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen or a sp-hybridized carbon (EN = 3.25) can get into a hydrogen bond with another ...
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Is electronegativity a good argument to explain that bond angle of PH3 is smaller than of NH3? [duplicate]
I can't really understand the argument of my OpenCourseWare professor. She says that the atomic size difference between the two central atoms (P is "bigger" than N) explains the fact that ...
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Will methyl group donates its electron density to only carbon atoms and not to other heteroatoms ?? Why this is so?
I initially thought in every possible case methyl group always donates its electron density to the atom to which it is bonded. But today I came across a problem, in which it asks us to point out the ...
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Average electronegativity difference in ternary compounds
Villars and Hulliger [1, p. 300] define the average electronegativity difference of a ternary compound $\ce{A_xB_yC_z}$ as follows:
$$\bar{\Delta\chi} = 2x(\chi_\ce{A} - \chi_\ce{B}) + 2x(\chi_\ce{A} ...
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Which one has a greater dipole moment: benzamide or benzoic acid?
My guess is that, since the relative electronegativities are similar, therefore the difference would arise only due to magnitudes of difference in electronegativities. And hence the strength should be ...
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How would you explain the general trend in melting point between Group 1 and Group 2 chlorides?
This question is based off of the attached chart. I notice how there's a general increase in melting point down group 2 chlorides and a general decrease (except for Lithium) down the group 1 chlorides....
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How would the regions of this graph showing percentage of ionic character, be classified? [closed]
Looking here at this website - Omnicalculator, at the section of the website for calculating percentage of ionic character. Omnicalculator - Percentage Ionic Character
They let you choose elements and ...
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Why is expected bond energy the *geometric* mean of two pure bonds?
Suppose we are calculating the electronegativity of a bond A—B. In my textbook (Chemical Principles) calculation of electronegativity, they calculate electronegativity in terms of a variable ...
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Why is the statement regarding the strength of ionic bonds reasonable? [closed]
In largely ionic compounds (e.g. NaBr and NaI), it seems to be generally true that, the greater the differences of electronegativity between the forming substances (i.e. The compound has more "...
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Why is cyclohexane more polarizable than benzene?
Looking at figure 4.2 here, we can see experimentaly that cyclohexane is more polarizable than benzene.
Why is this the case?
Intuitively, I would think that because the orbitals in benzene are more ...
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Is ionisation enthalpy physical property or chemical property?
Ionisation enthalpy means energy change when an electron is removed.
According to Wikipedia
A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical ...
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What is the reason why galvanic series is in it's specific order?
I'm trying to understand why galvanic series molecular entities are in the order they are in.
Why does $\ce{Cu(s)}$ reduce $\ce{Ag^{2+}}$ ions but not $\ce{Pb^{2+}}$ ions?
there seems to be some kind ...
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How does polarity increase when electron density in oxygen decreases when comparing acidity
My book says the following statement:
Due to the higher electronegativity of $sp^{2}$ hybridized carbon of phenol , the electron density in oxygen decreases. This increases polarity of O-H bond and ...
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Why does ammonium chloride form an ionic bond?
Why does $\ce{NH4Cl}$ form an ionic bond if the difference in electronegativity between nitrogen and chlorine is $0$?
Shouldn't it be at least 1.7 in order for an ionic bond to form? If not what is ...
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Can alkyl groups show -I effect?
Inductive effect is the partial shifting of the sigma-bonding electrons towards more EN (take as electronegativity or electronegative in this text) atom so why we will say that alkyl groups will ...
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Hannay smith equation derivation
Our chemistry teacher taught us about Hannay smith equation for calculating the percent ionic character. He did not told how that equation was derived. I could not find any satisfactory result from ...
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Can it be said that an electron transfer between two neutral atoms comes from the neutral atomic electric field? [closed]
Let us consider the example of Na and Cl. Both atoms are called "neutral" simply because they have the same total number of protons as electrons, yet they have a very weak electric field ...
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Why Hg doesn’t form hydroxide?
In my textbook it was written that if you put alkali solution into Hg2+ solution you won't get Hg(OH)2 but you get HgO.
And this is because Hg has high electronegativity and this makes polarization of ...
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Can Polarizing Power and the Inductive Effect both explain the highly covalent bonds of Mn2O7?
The Mn-O bonds of Mn2O7 have more covalent character than those of MnO2. This makes sense when imagining Mn2O7 to consist of Mn7+ ions and O2- ions; the high charge of the cations give them a high ...
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Does the charge on an atom impact the polarization of covalent bonds?
So far, I have generally seen polarization power only discussed in terms of ionic bonds: small, highly charged cations have more polarization power, and large anions are more polarizable. The more ...
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Alternate electronegativity measures for exotic atoms?
An exotic atom is an otherwise normal atom in which one or more sub-atomic particles have been replaced by other particles of the same charge. For example, electrons may be replaced by other ...
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Why an atom is more stable when only sublevels s and p are full?
Supposedly when explaining electronegativity and stability of an element, they tell you that it is more stable if the last level is full. That works up to the third period, but after transition ...
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Why do CCl4 and CH4 have the same bond angle?
I was reading about the molecular shape of compounds. I learned that the electronegativity of the central atom and the terminal atom in a molecule both play a role in determining bond angle. In $\ce{...
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How to experimentally determine the dissociation energy (electronegativity) between identical atoms?
I was reading on Wikipedia about how Pauling electronegativities are determined through
$$ \vert \chi_\ce{A} - \chi_\ce{B} \vert = \sqrt{E_\mathrm{d}(\ce{AB}) - \frac{E_\mathrm{d}(\ce{AA}) + E_\mathrm{...
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Electronegativity, polarity, pi bonds, and nitriles
While googling some numbers, I found that the dipole moment of acetonitrile is, according to wikipedia 3.92D. Compare this to the dipole moment of ethylamine, according to NIST of 1.220D. Now, I've ...
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Why water doesn't break anionic part of oxyacids? [closed]
Recently, I was studying about oxyacids and my teacher took example of a general compound $\ce{X-O-H}$. He told that that on dissolving it into water ,water would break apart either $\ce{O-H}$ bond ...
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Relation of partial charge with wavefunction
Suppose we have an one electron system. The probability $P$ that electron's position is in some interval $x + dx$ is given by:
$$P = \int_x^{x+dx}|Ψ(x)|^2 dx$$
So if we measure $N$ times the electron'...
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Quantitatively Calculate Dipole Moment [duplicate]
Recently, I have been reading up on articles relating to the dipole moments of different molecules (specifically this). I see how they can get bond lengths and experimental dipole moments with ...
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How come the methyl group (-CH3) is electron donating?
If the inductive effect operates purely through electronegativity differences, how come the methyl group is considered to donate electrons through the inductive effect? My textbook says that there is ...
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Why is it technically inaccurate to say that the decrease in reactivity of halogens is due to decreasing electronegativity?
I came across the following information in this post.
Below the infographic there is a paragraph with a disclaimer:
As another disclaimer, the reactivity of the halogens decreasing down the group ...
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Applying the Pauling's electronegativity when the ionisation enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy of an element are given
I came across the following problem while practicing some exercises on inorganic chemistry:
If the ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy of an element are 275 and 86 $Kcal mol^{-1}$ ...
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Which oxidation states were used when Pauling developed his electronegativity scale?
Paulings electronegativity is a relative scale, based on the difference in electronegativity between X and Y, $\Delta EN = 0.102 \sqrt {\Delta}$, where $\Delta = (X-Y)_{measured}-(X-Y)_{theoretical}$ ...
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Would gold have the negative charge in gold phosphides?
It should make sense that phosphorus has the positive charge,and gold itself
should have the negative charge in gold phosphide(and for any other gold phosphides) because phosphorus has a lower ...
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Acidic character and anion stability across periods and groups of the periodic table [duplicate]
I understand that to compare relative acidity one must consider the stability of the conjugate bases.
Across a period the electronegativity of an element increases. And that is for example why $\ce{HF}...
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Oxidizing properties of sulfuric acid: can it oxidize hydrochloric acid to chlorine?
Can $\ce{H2SO4}$ oxidize $\ce{HCl}$ to $\ce{Cl2}$? I know that $\ce{KMnO4}$ can do it, but my question is considering $\ce{H2SO4}$. In sulfuric acid, sulphur is in +6 oxidation state and in $\ce{KMnO4}...
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Why is a sodium chloride molecule stable?
The ionization energy of sodium is $\pu{5.139eV}$. This is the energy absorbed when a neutral sodium atom is stripped of its outermost electron. The electron affinity of chlorine is $\pu{3.62eV}$. ...
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Why negative charge delocalises away from electronegative atoms
In the mechanism for the Wolff-Kishner reduction, after the $\ce{OH-}$ abstracts a proton, the resulting negative charge delocalises away from the nitrogen atom to the carbon, and the subsequent ...
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Which atoms in indole possess the greatest amount of electron density?
Presumably the amine acts as an electron donor, but that would suggest extra electron density of the adjacent carbons, making them more shield, which isn't seen in the results in the image below.
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Why is the intensity of the IR spectra of IBr higher than that of ICl?
Why is the intensity of the IR spectra of $\ce{IBr}$ higher than that of $\ce{ICl}$?
I know that the IR spectra intensities are proportional to the derivative of the dipole moment with internuclear ...
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Which is more electronegative, Anions or Cations? [closed]
Electronegativity is the tendency of atoms in covalent bonds to attract electrons closer to themselves (I'll admit I realised ions do not form covalent bonds only after I finished writing).
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Why is HF much more covalent than KI despite having a greater electronegativity difference? [duplicate]
Generally, the percent of ionic character in a two-element compound correlates quite well with the difference in the electronegativities of the two elements making up the compound, as can be seen in ...
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Does formal charge affect bond polarity?
Bond polarity, as far as I understand, is a measure of the degree to which shared electron density is distorted, and thus solely depends on the electronegativity difference.
Up until now, I had ...
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Alternatives to Bayer process for extracting aluminum from lunar regolith
I am exploring ways to produce metallic aluminum from lunar regolith. According to most published results of lunar soil, $\ce{ Al2O3}$ comprises roughly 14% of mare samples by mass with $\ce{SiO2}$ ...
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How can chlorine be 'only' the third-most electronegative element yet have the highest electron affinity?
From Wikipedia:
It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the Pauling scale,...
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Is this bond Ionic or Covalent, and why? AlBr [closed]
We know a compound could form between NaCl because they are +1 and -1 ions which make them both into a complete valence set.
Could a compound form between Al and Br, for example, and what type of bond ...
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Why is aluminium oxide solution amphoteric? [duplicate]
Is Aluminium oxide solution amphoteric due to aluminium's electronegativity being in between 1.5 and 2.1.
If so why?
I believe it is because a AL-O-H molecule is made and it can either disassociate ...
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Is selenium disulfide polar or non-polar?
So I saw in some internet site that $\ce{SeS2}$ is a polar molecule. When I drew the Lewis structure of the molecule, it showed up as a linear molecule like this:
$$\ce{S=Se=S}$$
The electronegativity ...
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