Questions tagged [drugs]
Drugs or pharmaceuticals are substances or combinations used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Why isn't the Leuckart reaction used to make (meth)amphetamine?
For example, in Breaking Bad, they synthesize meth from phenylacetone.
Why not just use methylammonium formate, if they already have methylamine?
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How is it possible for Enzymes to get absorbed undigested [closed]
We as medical practitioners frequently prescribe enzymatic preparations like Trypsin-Chymotrypsin, which actually are proteins. Often I wonder how come a protein gets absorbed undigested, through our ...
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Machine learning-based drug design: how to determine the desired properties given a target?
I am working on a machine learning-based drug design project. The machine learning part was easily understood for me being from a computer science background. However, the biochemistry part is what I ...
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Selective Removal of Sodium Acetate
I am currently working on an extraction and synthesis of sodium salicyate from acetylsalicylic acid and sodium hydroxide. After doing a liquid-liquid extraction from DCM, using a sodium hydroxide ...
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What readout techniques are used for dynamic combinatorial chemistry in drug discovery?
I am reading about dynamic combinatorial chemistry in the context of drug discovery. I am finding a frustrating lack of discussion in the literature about the methods used to extract useful ...
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Why does almost every drug that causes dependence have this "-ine" suffix?
I noticed that many drugs that cause dependence have the suffix word "-ine". For example:
Caffeine, nicotine, benzodiazepine, methamphetamine, cocaine, and morphine.
My questions:
Why do ...
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Ritalin/Concerta/Methylphenidate is an amphetamine?
FIDE (the governing body of international chess competition) says here:
The most relevant banned substances for chess are:
• Amphetamines – e.g. Adderall, Ritalin
(...)
Image:
I think either ...
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What are the physicochemical properties related to medical drugs in the PubChem database?
I am not a chemist, in fact, I come from a computer science background. However, I am involved in a project related to artificial intelligence-based drug discovery. For this, I am trying to make a ...
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Biocompatible positively charged functional groups on the pH range 5–9
In drugs and biomolecules, there are quite a few groups that are negatively charged around neutral pH (pH 5 to 9): carboxylates, sulfates, sulfonates, phosphates, phosphonates, tetrazoles, certain ...
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Where to find the ChEMBL21 database in CSV format?
I come from an artificial intelligence (AI) background (and not from chemistry).
However, my Ph.D. thesis is about Deep Reinforcement Learning for drug design.
From one of the most famous papers in ...
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What is the mechanism of paracetamol synthesis from N‐acetylsulfanilic acid? [closed]
C can be converted to D with NaOH and heating at 300 °C. What is the mechanism of the reaction?
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What antimicrobial can be readily synthesized in a school laboratory for a project on antimicrobial resistance? [closed]
I am currently a student studying at a high school hoping to do a project on antimicrobial compound synthesis to use in investigating antimicrobial resistance in E. coli strains. I am hoping to ...
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Why is Amphotericin B insoluble in water in the pH range that makes it zwitterionic?
Here is the structure of Amphotericin B, with its carboxylic acid and amine groups circled in red:
According to this source, The carboxylic acid group has a pKa of 5.5 and the amine group has a pKa ...
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Reason for adding TFAA in this synthesis pathway?
I have included a short part from a synthetic pathway from: https://synarchive.com/syn/112
$\ce{Mg3N2}$ reacts with $\ce{MeOH}$ to liberate $\ce{NH3}$ which I believe is used in nucleophilic ...
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Protein drug conjugate exercise
I am supposed to draw the structure of a derivative of the following structure which could be used to make a protein drug conjugate. And then I should draw the reaction for the protein modification.
...
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Translating from milligrams in the pill to Ki at the receptor
Many places (e.g. Wikipedia) report the action of a drug on the various receptors, transporters, ion channels, and the like in terms of the Ki(nM). (This is for drugs that act primarily through such ...
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How are cyclodextrins used to form inclusion complexes with drug molecules?
I'm talking about practical application. A cyclodextrin molecule hosts a drug molecule inside of it in order to increase solubility and stability of the drug.
But how do we make sure this inclusion ...
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How stable is Remdesivir when vial vacuum is broken and/or it is reconstituted with sterile water?
I was recently looking at how long can Remdesivir be stored in its different forms.
I came up across several articles provided by the FDA and Gilead Sciences and others.
What caught my eye was the ...
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Carbon 11 radiolabeled inhaled Beta-2 agonist or corticosteroids, is it possible?
Background
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive imaging modality that can provide in vivo quantitative information of biological processes at a biochemical level. PET relies upon ...
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About the acidity of Sultiame [closed]
Why is sulthiam base even hough sulfur can accept the electron by resonance from nitrogen
like carbonyl group do?
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API formulations - are excipients required
I have the following API's
Itraconazole, Ivermectin, Fenofibrate, Pyrvinium Pamoate, Sulfasalazine, Artesunate, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, Doxycycline, Atovaquone, Extremestane, Syrosingopine and ...
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How does Combinatorial Chemistry differ from Rational Drug Design?
I stumbled on Vertex Pharmaceuticals - Wikipedia.
It was one of the first biotech firms to use an explicit strategy of rational drug design rather than combinatorial chemistry.
Then I looked up ...
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What is the composition, function, and classification of “6-Thio-2-Deoxyguanosine” and “13-mer thio-phosphoramidate”? How do I learn more about them?
I am assigned the task of explaining a biomedical research paper, it is about telomere and telomerase , and it talks a lot about the molecule Thio-2-Deoxyguanosine , 13-mer thio-phosphoramidate and &...
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Synthesis cost of Fomepizole
Fomepizole is essential drug for methanol poisoning, I observed it cost too much like in 1000's of dollar for couple of ml.
Is cost due to patents, or due to synthesis cost,structure of molecule looks ...
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The importance of the cold chain in the food and the pharmaceutical industry
There are these everyday things that one should know as a scientist and especially as a chemist, but which never come to light in an academic curriculum — at least not in mine.
One such thing is the ...
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Why is heroin a more potent drug than morphine, despite having a similar structure?
The structures of heroin and morphine are quite similar, with heroin being formed by acetylation of morphine:
Why is heroin so much more potent than morphine, when their structures are so similar? ...
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Does HI-6 form a covalent adduct with acetylcholinesterase?
According to sources provided below, the oxime HI-6, or Asoxime Dichloride, as it is also called, besides being a reactivator of acetylcholinesterase that has been inhibited by organophosphorus ...
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Number of chiral centers in penicillin V
I have often seen that in many drugs chirality plays a role. So I was trying to analyze the structure of Penicillin V.
What is number of chiral centers in the structure of penicillin V? Is the ...
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A dataset of drugs or molecules that failed the FDA approval process
I am looking for a dataset of bad drugs, the opposite of FDA approved drugs.
There is this database of withdrawn drugs, but these drugs were withdrawn after making it into the market.
Is there any ...
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Definition of throughput
I wonder what's the exact meaning of throughput in chemistry synthesis, eg. in organic synthesis or production of pharmaceutical products. For instance, what are their units? How are they measured?
I'...
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How to make Lithium medication from scratch
I take lithium carbonate as a medication. I was watching an "apocalypse-style" movie recently, which made me wonder how hard it would be to make my medication from scratch if I could no ...
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Meaning of "MS1 and MS2 resolution" and "MS1 and MS2: Unit" in a tandem mass-spectrometry parameter list
I'm translating a Certificate of Suitability that very briefly describes procedures used to measure several impurities in a drug substance. There is a short description of the parameters of a Gas ...
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When can you use the direct flame of a Bunsen burner, and when must you boil a beaker of water first?
I'd like to ask when you would do the following: use the direct Bunsen flame to heat a substance; place the substance in a test tube, which is placed in a beaker of water, then boil the water with the ...
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can you explain the structure of gemtuzumab ozogamicin? where are the linker boundaries?
could someone help me to decipher the structure of this molecule? I am trying to understand the structure of gemtuzumab ozogamicin: The anti-CD33 antibody is acylated with the bifunctional AcBut ...
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Bioinformatics tools for predicting synthetic reaction for identified drugs?
We are aware of many bioinformatics open source tools like AUTODOCK, Smina for drug discovery through structure based virtual screening.
I was wondering if there are validated bioinformatics tools ...
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Interference of Ca-EDTA with fluoride delivery in mouthwash
The goal of fluoride mouthwash is to deliver $\ce{F-}$ to the surface of the teeth to turn hydroxyapatite in the dental enamel into fluorapatite.
Typically sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride are ...
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Wouldn't a better term for smoking Crystal meth be condensing or vaporizing?
There isn't actually any chemical reaction taking place. The meth is heated, first it melts, then it vaporizes, but in the process it doesn't mix with other chemicals. It just merely changes state. ...
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Synthetic route to hydroxychloroquine
This drug hydroxychloroquine has become a new burning topic of discussion as a chemistry enthusiast:
I know that in an industrial preparation we need to account fpr a lot of factors like temperature, ...
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How to publish a review article on drugs in a reputed journal? [closed]
What are the things needed to publish a review article in a journal starting from scratch ?
Is it possible if i am not associated to any institution ?
How long does it take and what are all the ...
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Difference between docking and scoring?
I'm taking an undergraduate level class on computer based drug design. The class is more for biology students than people with a strong understanding in physics and computer science.
With that said,...
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Drug design methods - docking software, binding affinity [closed]
Lately I've seen videos and some articles explaining drug design. I would also like to specifically cite this guy, who isn't the most credible guy in the planet, but some of the stuff in the video ...
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How does gefitinib affect the EGFR(ecptor) and why is there relapse
Gefitinib has been shown to be an effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor in a fraction (~$10$%) of non-small cell lung cancer patients.
These patients are characterized as having a mutation (usually a ...
user86908
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Do any pharmaceuticals increase in potency or toxicity over time?
Pursuing a question raised in these comments:
Are there any known pharmaceuticals that increase in potency or toxicity during storage, or over periods of months to years?
If not, what if we broaden ...
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Why are drugs mixed with their sodium salts?
I have come across quite a few drugs that are of the form $\ce{HA + NaA}$, where $\ce{A}$ is your target organic compound. A few examples of this are:
Carmicide which is a mixture of Sodium Citrate ...
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Estimating protein binding and disassociation
I don't have a background in the area of drugs or pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics but I am trying to understand about protein binding. I was going through this paper.
If $C_b$ is the ...
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Conversion of barbituric acid to veronal
This is just out of curiosity. I have no intention or authority to do conversions.
I am studying chemistry of tranquilizers, in that an important class is of barbiturates, which are also hypnotics. ...
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Racemic mixture vs enantiomers in drugs [duplicate]
a racemic mixture has 50-50% of the 2 different enantiomers. There are racemate drugs out there in the world. The misunderstanding I have is that usually 1 out of the 2 enantiomers molecules have a ...
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Chemical interaction between Pterostilbene and Nicotinamide Riboside
Some supplement companies are putting a combinations of nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene into the same capsule. Considering the stomach acid, water, body temperature, etc. I am wondering if ...
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Cleaning of chlorbutyl plungers
This is my first post, so please bear with me.
At work I have some chlorobutyl plungers that I need to clean from any residual material that might be left after production.
A colleague of mine told ...
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Preparation of Effexor
I take venlafaxine (Effexor) as medication, and having wrapped up 2 semesters of Organic Chemistry I thought it might be fun to design a synthesis for it. A picture of venlafaxine:
I came up with the ...
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