Questions tagged [drugs]
Drugs or pharmaceuticals are substances or combinations used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
148
questions
-1
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1answer
28 views
Protein drug conjugate exercise
I am supposed to draw the structure of a derivative of the following structure which could be used to make a protein drug conjugate. And then I should draw the reaction for the protein modification.
...
0
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0answers
35 views
Translating from milligrams in the pill to Ki at the receptor
Many places (e.g. Wikipedia) report the action of a drug on the various receptors, transporters, ion channels, and the like in terms of the Ki(nM). (This is for drugs that act primarily through such ...
3
votes
0answers
48 views
How are cyclodextrins used to form inclusion complexes with drug molecules?
I'm talking about practical application. A cyclodextrin molecule hosts a drug molecule inside of it in order to increase solubility and stability of the drug.
But how do we make sure this inclusion ...
3
votes
0answers
105 views
How stable is Remdesivir when vial vacuum is broken and/or it is reconstituted with sterile water?
I was recently looking at how long can Remdesivir be stored in its different forms.
I came up across several articles provided by the FDA and Gilead Sciences and others.
What caught my eye was the ...
5
votes
1answer
35 views
Carbon 11 radiolabeled inhaled Beta-2 agonist or corticosteroids, is it possible?
Background
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive imaging modality that can provide in vivo quantitative information of biological processes at a biochemical level. PET relies upon ...
2
votes
0answers
25 views
About the acidity of Sultiame [closed]
Why is sulthiam base even hough sulfur can accept the electron by resonance from nitrogen
like carbonyl group do?
2
votes
1answer
31 views
API formulations - are excipients required
I have the following API's
Itraconazole, Ivermectin, Fenofibrate, Pyrvinium Pamoate, Sulfasalazine, Artesunate, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, Doxycycline, Atovaquone, Extremestane, Syrosingopine and ...
1
vote
1answer
100 views
How does Combinatorial Chemistry differ from Rational Drug Design?
I stumbled on Vertex Pharmaceuticals - Wikipedia.
It was one of the first biotech firms to use an explicit strategy of rational drug design rather than combinatorial chemistry.
Then I looked up ...
0
votes
0answers
20 views
What is the composition, function, and classification of “6-Thio-2-Deoxyguanosine” and “13-mer thio-phosphoramidate”? How do I learn more about them?
I am assigned the task of explaining a biomedical research paper, it is about telomere and telomerase , and it talks a lot about the molecule Thio-2-Deoxyguanosine , 13-mer thio-phosphoramidate and &...
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votes
1answer
43 views
Synthesis cost of Fomepizole
Fomepizole is essential drug for methanol poisoning, I observed it cost too much like in 1000's of dollar for couple of ml.
Is cost due to patents, or due to synthesis cost,structure of molecule looks ...
27
votes
2answers
3k views
The importance of the cold chain in the food and the pharmaceutical industry
There are these everyday things that one should know as a scientist and especially as a chemist, but which never come to light in an academic curriculum — at least not in mine.
One such thing is the ...
28
votes
1answer
3k views
Why is heroin a more potent drug than morphine, despite having a similar structure?
The structures of heroin and morphine are quite similar, with heroin being formed by acetylation of morphine:
Why is heroin so much more potent than morphine, when their structures are so similar? ...
1
vote
0answers
37 views
Does HI-6 form a covalent adduct with acetylcholinesterase?
According to sources provided below, the oxime HI-6, or Asoxime Dichloride, as it is also called, besides being a reactivator of acetylcholinesterase that has been inhibited by organophosphorus ...
1
vote
1answer
718 views
Number of chiral centers in penicillin V
I have often seen that in many drugs chirality plays a role. So I was trying to analyze the structure of Penicillin V.
What is number of chiral centers in the structure of penicillin V? Is the ...
1
vote
0answers
36 views
A dataset of drugs or molecules that failed the FDA approval process
I am looking for a dataset of bad drugs, the opposite of FDA approved drugs.
There is this database of withdrawn drugs, but these drugs were withdrawn after making it into the market.
Is there any ...
1
vote
0answers
39 views
Definition of throughput
I wonder what's the exact meaning of throughput in chemistry synthesis, eg. in organic synthesis or production of pharmaceutical products. For instance, what are their units? How are they measured?
I'...
3
votes
0answers
66 views
How to make Lithium medication from scratch
I take lithium carbonate as a medication. I was watching an "apocalypse-style" movie recently, which made me wonder how hard it would be to make my medication from scratch if I could no ...
1
vote
1answer
83 views
Meaning of “MS1 and MS2 resolution” and “MS1 and MS2: Unit” in a tandem mass-spectrometry parameter list
I'm translating a Certificate of Suitability that very briefly describes procedures used to measure several impurities in a drug substance. There is a short description of the parameters of a Gas ...
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votes
1answer
748 views
When can you use the direct flame of a Bunsen burner, and when must you boil a beaker of water first?
I'd like to ask when you would do the following: use the direct Bunsen flame to heat a substance; place the substance in a test tube, which is placed in a beaker of water, then boil the water with the ...
0
votes
1answer
56 views
can you explain the structure of gemtuzumab ozogamicin? where are the linker boundaries?
could someone help me to decipher the structure of this molecule? I am trying to understand the structure of gemtuzumab ozogamicin: The anti-CD33 antibody is acylated with the bifunctional AcBut ...
3
votes
0answers
44 views
Bioinformatics tools for predicting synthetic reaction for identified drugs?
We are aware of many bioinformatics open source tools like AUTODOCK, Smina for drug discovery through structure based virtual screening.
I was wondering if there are validated bioinformatics tools ...
5
votes
0answers
186 views
Interference of Ca-EDTA with fluoride delivery in mouthwash
The goal of fluoride mouthwash is to deliver $\ce{F-}$ to the surface of the teeth to turn hydroxyapatite in the dental enamel into fluorapatite.
Typically sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride are ...
-1
votes
1answer
585 views
Wouldn't a better term for smoking Crystal meth be condensing or vaporizing?
There isn't actually any chemical reaction taking place. The meth is heated, first it melts, then it vaporizes, but in the process it doesn't mix with other chemicals. It just merely changes state. ...
9
votes
2answers
579 views
Synthetic route to hydroxychloroquine
This drug hydroxychloroquine has become a new burning topic of discussion as a chemistry enthusiast:
I know that in an industrial preparation we need to account fpr a lot of factors like temperature, ...
-1
votes
2answers
60 views
How to publish a review article on drugs in a reputed journal? [closed]
What are the things needed to publish a review article in a journal starting from scratch ?
Is it possible if i am not associated to any institution ?
How long does it take and what are all the ...
2
votes
0answers
49 views
Difference between docking and scoring?
I'm taking an undergraduate level class on computer based drug design. The class is more for biology students than people with a strong understanding in physics and computer science.
With that said,...
1
vote
1answer
63 views
Drug design methods - docking software, binding affinity [closed]
Lately I've seen videos and some articles explaining drug design. I would also like to specifically cite this guy, who isn't the most credible guy in the planet, but some of the stuff in the video ...
1
vote
1answer
80 views
How does gefitinib affect the EGFR(ecptor) and why is there relapse
Gefitinib has been shown to be an effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor in a fraction (~$10$%) of non-small cell lung cancer patients.
These patients are characterized as having a mutation (usually a ...
2
votes
0answers
52 views
Do any pharmaceuticals increase in potency or toxicity over time?
Pursuing a question raised in these comments:
Are there any known pharmaceuticals that increase in potency or toxicity during storage, or over periods of months to years?
If not, what if we broaden ...
8
votes
2answers
237 views
Why are drugs mixed with their sodium salts?
I have come across quite a few drugs that are of the form $\ce{HA + NaA}$, where $\ce{A}$ is your target organic compound. A few examples of this are:
Carmicide which is a mixture of Sodium Citrate ...
1
vote
1answer
44 views
Estimating protein binding and disassociation
I don't have a background in the area of drugs or pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics but I am trying to understand about protein binding. I was going through this paper.
If $C_b$ is the ...
0
votes
1answer
87 views
Conversion of barbituric acid to veronal
This is just out of curiosity. I have no intention or authority to do conversions.
I am studying chemistry of tranquilizers, in that an important class is of barbiturates, which are also hypnotics. ...
0
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0answers
32 views
Racemic mixture vs enantiomers in drugs [duplicate]
a racemic mixture has 50-50% of the 2 different enantiomers. There are racemate drugs out there in the world. The misunderstanding I have is that usually 1 out of the 2 enantiomers molecules have a ...
2
votes
0answers
24 views
Chemical interaction between Pterostilbene and Nicotinamide Riboside
Some supplement companies are putting a combinations of nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene into the same capsule. Considering the stomach acid, water, body temperature, etc. I am wondering if ...
2
votes
0answers
27 views
Cleaning of chlorbutyl plungers
This is my first post, so please bear with me.
At work I have some chlorobutyl plungers that I need to clean from any residual material that might be left after production.
A colleague of mine told ...
7
votes
1answer
133 views
Preparation of Effexor
I take venlafaxine (Effexor) as medication, and having wrapped up 2 semesters of Organic Chemistry I thought it might be fun to design a synthesis for it. A picture of venlafaxine:
I came up with the ...
0
votes
1answer
425 views
Is scopolamine same as scopolamine hydrobromide?
Is scopolamine extracted with methanol or acetone from Datura or Brugmansia scopolamine free base or scopolamine hydrobromide?
If you take a look at the Wikipedia page for hyoscine, the Synonyms part ...
1
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0answers
82 views
How many natural products are there in existence? [closed]
Hi I'm doing a project on natural products and I'm wondering if somewhere there is at least an estimated number of how many exist?
If this exists somewhere can you please provide a reference.
...
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1answer
544 views
What is the solubility of quinine suphate in 98% ethanol?
I have a result from an experiment that really bothers me, yet I found no sources online that can explain the situation.
While quinine is relatively soluble in ethanol because they are both non-...
3
votes
2answers
1k views
What is LSD-1, …, LSD-24, LSD-26, …?
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) was formerly often referred to as ‘LSD-25’.
If it really is a (Albert Hofmann / Sandoz)'s code name (and not a combination of ‘LSD’ and usual LSD (Delysid) dosage ...
1
vote
1answer
71 views
How do I get Mass spectrometry graph, history, and Infra-red spectroscopy graph for Secnidazole?
My chemistry teacher wants me to create an academic poster for a recently-discovered biologically important organic molecule with chirality that is relatively small and is also recent.
Secnidazole (...
0
votes
1answer
2k views
What kind of drugs can be absorbed through skin? [closed]
Some drugs such as nicotine can be administered through skin. I thought the layers of skin are designed to prevent in-flow of any chemical/germs. Not all drugs get absorbed in this fashion. So do ...
4
votes
2answers
89 views
Why would diclofenac have a higher skin permeability when formulated as diclofenac epolamine rather than diclofenac sodium?
There is a suggestion on the literature that the formation of ion pairs creates a permeation enhancement.
Usually only non-ionised compounds penetrate the skin.
Is it possible that the conjugate ...
0
votes
1answer
428 views
How do pharmaceutical manufacturers ensure 100% purity in their medications? [closed]
What purification measures are taken to ensure no side products are present in the medication? Because hardly any organic reaction is perfectly efficient, I'm guessing that multiple recrystallizations ...
1
vote
1answer
106 views
Modification to improve antibacterial activity
I have difficulties with part b).
For C, it's clear to make a bulky dimethoxybenzene group in order to block the C=O group from reacting with b-lactamase.
However, in A, how does the structure of ...
1
vote
1answer
4k views
What's the difference between povidone K29/32 and povidone K30?
I'm specifically looking at the two as inactive ingredients in the drug lamotrigine. How do the povidone K values differ chemically and/or in the context of lamotrigine?
They're obviously designed ...
1
vote
0answers
45 views
How to characterise lipophilicity?
I was provided with a drug compound which is filling a hydrophobic pocket. The R group is changed and effects on the potency was measured; $\ce{R = -H, -CH3, -CH2F}$ were tested. As expected, the more ...
9
votes
1answer
299 views
Why is there a comparative lack of variety in positive counterions in drugs?
Pharmaceutical salts are important in the process of drug development. Using different chemical species to neutralise the parent drug can produce a diverse series of compounds, and this process is ...
-1
votes
1answer
948 views
Are there caffeine analogs or substituents, and what are they? [closed]
I have heard of designer chemists that would take well known drugs, change a hydrogen to a methyl group, and then see what the effect would be in people.
So my question is, what happens in caffeine ...
13
votes
2answers
3k views
Why do most drugs (eg: oxycodone) have seemingly arbitrary names?
How do some medicines derive their names?
For instance, is the name oxycodone somewhat arbitrary? I am not well-versed in Chemistry (1st semester student) but does the prefix oxy- imply some ...
