Questions tagged [drugs]
Drugs or pharmaceuticals are substances or combinations used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
155
questions
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1answer
86 views
Are there any chemicals or drugs that create negative effects like depression for example, opposite of what painkillers do? [closed]
I recently saw a comic where this rich guy literally smokes depression, like in a cigar. He said that the relief felt after it wore off was better than any high out there. While I don't ever plan on ...
-1
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0answers
27 views
What are the chemical properties to optimize for drug and what makes the problem difficult? [closed]
I come from a computer science background (not chemistry), however, my supervisor told me that my thesis is going to be about doing an application of machine learning-based drug design optimization.
...
0
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0answers
17 views
Where to find the ChEMBL21 database (in csv format)?
I come from an artificial intelligence (AI) background (and not from chemistry).
However, my Ph.D. thesis is about Deep Reinforcement Learning for drug design.
The most famous paper in this regard is &...
-1
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1answer
122 views
What is the mechanism of paracetamol synthesis from N‐acetylsulfanilic acid? [closed]
C can be converted to D with NaOH and heating at 300 °C. What is the mechanism of the reaction?
0
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1answer
52 views
What antimicrobial can be readily synthesized in a school laboratory for a project on antimicrobial resistance? [closed]
I am currently a student studying at a high school hoping to do a project on antimicrobial compound synthesis to use in investigating antimicrobial resistance in E. coli strains. I am hoping to ...
1
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0answers
24 views
Why is Amphotericin B insoluble in water in the pH range that makes it zwitterionic?
Here is the structure of Amphotericin B, with its carboxylic acid and amine groups circled in red:
According to this source, The carboxylic acid group has a pKa of 5.5 and the amine group has a pKa ...
1
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0answers
32 views
Reason for adding TFAA in this synthesis pathway?
I have included a short part from a synthetic pathway from: https://synarchive.com/syn/112
$\ce{Mg3N2}$ reacts with $\ce{MeOH}$ to liberate $\ce{NH3}$ which I believe is used in nucleophilic ...
-1
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1answer
33 views
Protein drug conjugate exercise
I am supposed to draw the structure of a derivative of the following structure which could be used to make a protein drug conjugate. And then I should draw the reaction for the protein modification.
...
0
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0answers
41 views
Translating from milligrams in the pill to Ki at the receptor
Many places (e.g. Wikipedia) report the action of a drug on the various receptors, transporters, ion channels, and the like in terms of the Ki(nM). (This is for drugs that act primarily through such ...
3
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0answers
49 views
How are cyclodextrins used to form inclusion complexes with drug molecules?
I'm talking about practical application. A cyclodextrin molecule hosts a drug molecule inside of it in order to increase solubility and stability of the drug.
But how do we make sure this inclusion ...
3
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0answers
113 views
How stable is Remdesivir when vial vacuum is broken and/or it is reconstituted with sterile water?
I was recently looking at how long can Remdesivir be stored in its different forms.
I came up across several articles provided by the FDA and Gilead Sciences and others.
What caught my eye was the ...
5
votes
1answer
39 views
Carbon 11 radiolabeled inhaled Beta-2 agonist or corticosteroids, is it possible?
Background
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive imaging modality that can provide in vivo quantitative information of biological processes at a biochemical level. PET relies upon ...
2
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0answers
26 views
About the acidity of Sultiame [closed]
Why is sulthiam base even hough sulfur can accept the electron by resonance from nitrogen
like carbonyl group do?
2
votes
1answer
32 views
API formulations - are excipients required
I have the following API's
Itraconazole, Ivermectin, Fenofibrate, Pyrvinium Pamoate, Sulfasalazine, Artesunate, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, Doxycycline, Atovaquone, Extremestane, Syrosingopine and ...
1
vote
1answer
128 views
How does Combinatorial Chemistry differ from Rational Drug Design?
I stumbled on Vertex Pharmaceuticals - Wikipedia.
It was one of the first biotech firms to use an explicit strategy of rational drug design rather than combinatorial chemistry.
Then I looked up ...
0
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0answers
21 views
What is the composition, function, and classification of “6-Thio-2-Deoxyguanosine” and “13-mer thio-phosphoramidate”? How do I learn more about them?
I am assigned the task of explaining a biomedical research paper, it is about telomere and telomerase , and it talks a lot about the molecule Thio-2-Deoxyguanosine , 13-mer thio-phosphoramidate and &...
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1answer
46 views
Synthesis cost of Fomepizole
Fomepizole is essential drug for methanol poisoning, I observed it cost too much like in 1000's of dollar for couple of ml.
Is cost due to patents, or due to synthesis cost,structure of molecule looks ...
27
votes
2answers
3k views
The importance of the cold chain in the food and the pharmaceutical industry
There are these everyday things that one should know as a scientist and especially as a chemist, but which never come to light in an academic curriculum — at least not in mine.
One such thing is the ...
28
votes
1answer
3k views
Why is heroin a more potent drug than morphine, despite having a similar structure?
The structures of heroin and morphine are quite similar, with heroin being formed by acetylation of morphine:
Why is heroin so much more potent than morphine, when their structures are so similar? ...
1
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0answers
37 views
Does HI-6 form a covalent adduct with acetylcholinesterase?
According to sources provided below, the oxime HI-6, or Asoxime Dichloride, as it is also called, besides being a reactivator of acetylcholinesterase that has been inhibited by organophosphorus ...
1
vote
1answer
813 views
Number of chiral centers in penicillin V
I have often seen that in many drugs chirality plays a role. So I was trying to analyze the structure of Penicillin V.
What is number of chiral centers in the structure of penicillin V? Is the ...
1
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0answers
39 views
A dataset of drugs or molecules that failed the FDA approval process
I am looking for a dataset of bad drugs, the opposite of FDA approved drugs.
There is this database of withdrawn drugs, but these drugs were withdrawn after making it into the market.
Is there any ...
1
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0answers
42 views
Definition of throughput
I wonder what's the exact meaning of throughput in chemistry synthesis, eg. in organic synthesis or production of pharmaceutical products. For instance, what are their units? How are they measured?
I'...
3
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0answers
68 views
How to make Lithium medication from scratch
I take lithium carbonate as a medication. I was watching an "apocalypse-style" movie recently, which made me wonder how hard it would be to make my medication from scratch if I could no ...
1
vote
1answer
90 views
Meaning of "MS1 and MS2 resolution" and "MS1 and MS2: Unit" in a tandem mass-spectrometry parameter list
I'm translating a Certificate of Suitability that very briefly describes procedures used to measure several impurities in a drug substance. There is a short description of the parameters of a Gas ...
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1answer
1k views
When can you use the direct flame of a Bunsen burner, and when must you boil a beaker of water first?
I'd like to ask when you would do the following: use the direct Bunsen flame to heat a substance; place the substance in a test tube, which is placed in a beaker of water, then boil the water with the ...
0
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1answer
61 views
can you explain the structure of gemtuzumab ozogamicin? where are the linker boundaries?
could someone help me to decipher the structure of this molecule? I am trying to understand the structure of gemtuzumab ozogamicin: The anti-CD33 antibody is acylated with the bifunctional AcBut ...
3
votes
0answers
44 views
Bioinformatics tools for predicting synthetic reaction for identified drugs?
We are aware of many bioinformatics open source tools like AUTODOCK, Smina for drug discovery through structure based virtual screening.
I was wondering if there are validated bioinformatics tools ...
5
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0answers
193 views
Interference of Ca-EDTA with fluoride delivery in mouthwash
The goal of fluoride mouthwash is to deliver $\ce{F-}$ to the surface of the teeth to turn hydroxyapatite in the dental enamel into fluorapatite.
Typically sodium fluoride or stannous fluoride are ...
-1
votes
1answer
651 views
Wouldn't a better term for smoking Crystal meth be condensing or vaporizing?
There isn't actually any chemical reaction taking place. The meth is heated, first it melts, then it vaporizes, but in the process it doesn't mix with other chemicals. It just merely changes state. ...
9
votes
2answers
622 views
Synthetic route to hydroxychloroquine
This drug hydroxychloroquine has become a new burning topic of discussion as a chemistry enthusiast:
I know that in an industrial preparation we need to account fpr a lot of factors like temperature, ...
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2answers
61 views
How to publish a review article on drugs in a reputed journal? [closed]
What are the things needed to publish a review article in a journal starting from scratch ?
Is it possible if i am not associated to any institution ?
How long does it take and what are all the ...
2
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0answers
52 views
Difference between docking and scoring?
I'm taking an undergraduate level class on computer based drug design. The class is more for biology students than people with a strong understanding in physics and computer science.
With that said,...
1
vote
1answer
68 views
Drug design methods - docking software, binding affinity [closed]
Lately I've seen videos and some articles explaining drug design. I would also like to specifically cite this guy, who isn't the most credible guy in the planet, but some of the stuff in the video ...
1
vote
1answer
80 views
How does gefitinib affect the EGFR(ecptor) and why is there relapse
Gefitinib has been shown to be an effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor in a fraction (~$10$%) of non-small cell lung cancer patients.
These patients are characterized as having a mutation (usually a ...
2
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0answers
56 views
Do any pharmaceuticals increase in potency or toxicity over time?
Pursuing a question raised in these comments:
Are there any known pharmaceuticals that increase in potency or toxicity during storage, or over periods of months to years?
If not, what if we broaden ...
8
votes
2answers
247 views
Why are drugs mixed with their sodium salts?
I have come across quite a few drugs that are of the form $\ce{HA + NaA}$, where $\ce{A}$ is your target organic compound. A few examples of this are:
Carmicide which is a mixture of Sodium Citrate ...
1
vote
1answer
44 views
Estimating protein binding and disassociation
I don't have a background in the area of drugs or pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics but I am trying to understand about protein binding. I was going through this paper.
If $C_b$ is the ...
0
votes
1answer
87 views
Conversion of barbituric acid to veronal
This is just out of curiosity. I have no intention or authority to do conversions.
I am studying chemistry of tranquilizers, in that an important class is of barbiturates, which are also hypnotics. ...
0
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0answers
32 views
Racemic mixture vs enantiomers in drugs [duplicate]
a racemic mixture has 50-50% of the 2 different enantiomers. There are racemate drugs out there in the world. The misunderstanding I have is that usually 1 out of the 2 enantiomers molecules have a ...
2
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0answers
24 views
Chemical interaction between Pterostilbene and Nicotinamide Riboside
Some supplement companies are putting a combinations of nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene into the same capsule. Considering the stomach acid, water, body temperature, etc. I am wondering if ...
2
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0answers
28 views
Cleaning of chlorbutyl plungers
This is my first post, so please bear with me.
At work I have some chlorobutyl plungers that I need to clean from any residual material that might be left after production.
A colleague of mine told ...
7
votes
1answer
142 views
Preparation of Effexor
I take venlafaxine (Effexor) as medication, and having wrapped up 2 semesters of Organic Chemistry I thought it might be fun to design a synthesis for it. A picture of venlafaxine:
I came up with the ...
0
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1answer
463 views
Is scopolamine same as scopolamine hydrobromide?
Is scopolamine extracted with methanol or acetone from Datura or Brugmansia scopolamine free base or scopolamine hydrobromide?
If you take a look at the Wikipedia page for hyoscine, the Synonyms part ...
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0answers
83 views
How many natural products are there in existence? [closed]
Hi I'm doing a project on natural products and I'm wondering if somewhere there is at least an estimated number of how many exist?
If this exists somewhere can you please provide a reference.
...
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1answer
580 views
What is the solubility of quinine suphate in 98% ethanol?
I have a result from an experiment that really bothers me, yet I found no sources online that can explain the situation.
While quinine is relatively soluble in ethanol because they are both non-...
3
votes
2answers
2k views
What is LSD-1, …, LSD-24, LSD-26, …?
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) was formerly often referred to as ‘LSD-25’.
If it really is a (Albert Hofmann / Sandoz)'s code name (and not a combination of ‘LSD’ and usual LSD (Delysid) dosage ...
1
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1answer
72 views
How do I get Mass spectrometry graph, history, and Infra-red spectroscopy graph for Secnidazole?
My chemistry teacher wants me to create an academic poster for a recently-discovered biologically important organic molecule with chirality that is relatively small and is also recent.
Secnidazole (...
0
votes
1answer
2k views
What kind of drugs can be absorbed through skin? [closed]
Some drugs such as nicotine can be administered through skin. I thought the layers of skin are designed to prevent in-flow of any chemical/germs. Not all drugs get absorbed in this fashion. So do ...
4
votes
2answers
95 views
Why would diclofenac have a higher skin permeability when formulated as diclofenac epolamine rather than diclofenac sodium?
There is a suggestion on the literature that the formation of ion pairs creates a permeation enhancement.
Usually only non-ionised compounds penetrate the skin.
Is it possible that the conjugate ...
