Questions tagged [drugs]
Drugs or pharmaceuticals are substances or combinations used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
120
questions
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1answer
102 views
Why are drugs mixed with their sodium salts?
I have come across quite a few drugs that are of the form $\ce{HA + NaA}$, where $\ce{A}$ is your target organic compound. A few examples of this are:
Carmicide which is a mixture of Sodium Citrate ...
1
vote
1answer
33 views
Estimating protein binding and disassociation
I don't have a background in the area of drugs or pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics but I am trying to understand about protein binding. I was going through this paper.
If $C_b$ is the ...
0
votes
1answer
60 views
Conversion of barbituric acid to veronal
This is just out of curiosity. I have no intention or authority to do conversions.
I am studying chemistry of tranquilizers, in that an important class is of barbiturates, which are also hypnotics. ...
0
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0answers
21 views
Understanding Overage in Tablet coating process
I understand that overage is included in preparation of tablets to account for losses in the delivery lines. But how do I apply them into calculations ? For example, I am trying to find out the amount ...
0
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0answers
14 views
(API) Assay & (API) Content Uniformity on tablets weight in pharmaceutical processes
From what know, Both assay and content uniformity are directly proportional to tablet weight.
I want to know what’s the difference in these two different forms of API testing in tablets. I only know ...
0
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0answers
30 views
Racemic mixture vs enantiomers in drugs [duplicate]
a racemic mixture has 50-50% of the 2 different enantiomers. There are racemate drugs out there in the world. The misunderstanding I have is that usually 1 out of the 2 enantiomers molecules have a ...
2
votes
0answers
20 views
Chemical interaction between Pterostilbene and Nicotinamide Riboside
Some supplement companies are putting a combinations of nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene into the same capsule. Considering the stomach acid, water, body temperature, etc. I am wondering if ...
2
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0answers
22 views
Cleaning of chlorbutyl plungers
This is my first post, so please bear with me.
At work I have some chlorobutyl plungers that I need to clean from any residual material that might be left after production.
A colleague of mine told ...
7
votes
1answer
104 views
Preparation of Effexor
I take venlafaxine (Effexor) as medication, and having wrapped up 2 semesters of Organic Chemistry I thought it might be fun to design a synthesis for it. A picture of venlafaxine:
I came up with the ...
0
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1answer
161 views
Is scopolamine same as scopolamine hydrobromide?
Is scopolamine extracted with methanol or acetone from Datura or Brugmansia scopolamine free base or scopolamine hydrobromide?
If you take a look at the Wikipedia page for hyoscine, the Synonyms part ...
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0answers
54 views
How many natural products are there in existence? [closed]
Hi I'm doing a project on natural products and I'm wondering if somewhere there is at least an estimated number of how many exist?
If this exists somewhere can you please provide a reference.
...
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1answer
204 views
What is the solubility of quinine suphate in 98% ethanol?
I have a result from an experiment that really bothers me, yet I found no sources online that can explain the situation.
While quinine is relatively soluble in ethanol because they are both non-...
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0answers
523 views
What is LSD-1, …, LSD-24, LSD-26, …?
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) was formerly often referred to as ‘LSD-25’.
If it really is a (Albert Hofmann / Sandoz)'s code name (and not a combination of ‘LSD’ and usual LSD (Delysid) dosage ...
1
vote
1answer
61 views
How do I get Mass spectrometry graph, history, and Infra-red spectroscopy graph for Secnidazole?
My chemistry teacher wants me to create an academic poster for a recently-discovered biologically important organic molecule with chirality that is relatively small and is also recent.
Secnidazole (...
0
votes
1answer
857 views
What kind of drugs can be absorbed through skin? [closed]
Some drugs such as nicotine can be administered through skin. I thought the layers of skin are designed to prevent in-flow of any chemical/germs. Not all drugs get absorbed in this fashion. So do ...
3
votes
2answers
74 views
Why would diclofenac have a higher skin permeability when formulated as diclofenac epolamine rather than diclofenac sodium?
There is a suggestion on the literature that the formation of ion pairs creates a permeation enhancement.
Usually only non-ionised compounds penetrate the skin.
Is it possible that the conjugate ...
0
votes
1answer
159 views
How do pharmaceutical manufacturers ensure 100% purity in their medications? [closed]
What purification measures are taken to ensure no side products are present in the medication? Because hardly any organic reaction is perfectly efficient, I'm guessing that multiple recrystallizations ...
1
vote
1answer
102 views
Modification to improve antibacterial activity
I have difficulties with part b).
For C, it's clear to make a bulky dimethoxybenzene group in order to block the C=O group from reacting with b-lactamase.
However, in A, how does the structure of ...
1
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1answer
2k views
What's the difference between povidone K29/32 and povidone K30?
I'm specifically looking at the two as inactive ingredients in the drug lamotrigine. How do the povidone K values differ chemically and/or in the context of lamotrigine?
They're obviously designed ...
1
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0answers
40 views
How to characterise lipophilicity?
I was provided with a drug compound which is filling a hydrophobic pocket. The R group is changed and effects on the potency was measured; $\ce{R = -H, -CH3, -CH2F}$ were tested. As expected, the more ...
10
votes
1answer
229 views
Why is there a comparative lack of variety in positive counterions in drugs?
Pharmaceutical salts are important in the process of drug development. Using different chemical species to neutralise the parent drug can produce a diverse series of compounds, and this process is ...
-1
votes
1answer
642 views
Are there caffeine analogs or substituents, and what are they? [closed]
I have heard of designer chemists that would take well known drugs, change a hydrogen to a methyl group, and then see what the effect would be in people.
So my question is, what happens in caffeine ...
12
votes
2answers
3k views
Why do most drugs (eg: oxycodone) have seemingly arbitrary names?
How do some medicines derive their names?
For instance, is the name oxycodone somewhat arbitrary? I am not well-versed in Chemistry (1st semester student) but does the prefix oxy- imply some ...
6
votes
1answer
287 views
How does Rosuvastatin 5 S-lactone form in human body?
I've searched lots of free resources online but cannot find the answer.
the top compound is Rosuvastatin.
Some websites say it is metabolized by the enzyme CYP2C9,
but I can't figure out how a ...
-4
votes
1answer
59 views
Do serotonin drugs contain serotonin or a precursor to it, e.g. tryptophan?
With serotonin drugs, is it actually serotonin in the drug, or is it tryptophan which converts into serotonin through the biochemical conversion process after the drug is consumed? Serotonin can be ...
1
vote
0answers
57 views
How to find all published Pharmacophore Structure of a Drug target?
Other than literature review how do you find the structures of Pharmacophore of a drug target? I am searching Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDK) inhibitors and I have reviewed lots of literature but ...
6
votes
2answers
924 views
Effect of direct exposure to sunlight on various drugs
Today, we were discussing optical activity in class and our teacher said that some drugs are kept in dark coloured bottles to avoid direct exposure to sunlight. Same is the case with some other drugs ...
15
votes
2answers
3k views
Difference between Sildenafil and Sildenafil citrate
The data I found seems to show no difference between Sildenafil and Sildenafil citrate. But if they are the same things, why Pfizer use Sildenafil citrate instead of Sildenafil as their product Viagra?...
6
votes
1answer
205 views
Could muscarine be an antidote to atropine poisoning?
According to Wikipedia,
"Muscarine poisoning is characterized by miosis, blurred vision, increased salivation, excessive sweating, lacrimation, bronchial secretions, bronchoconstriction, ...
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1answer
165 views
Effect on solubility by dissolution of other substance (no common ion)
In one of our recent classes on mass and momentum transfer, we studied qualitatively how blood drug concentrations vary after consuming a tablet containing that drug.
We considered the following:
...
8
votes
2answers
656 views
How is molecular orbital theory used in drug research?
I was reading up on MO theory and came across a particular section:
Application: Computational Chemistry In Drug Design
While the descriptions of bonding described in this chapter involve many ...
-3
votes
1answer
98 views
What chemicals are in anesthetic drugs [closed]
What chemicals are there in an anesthetic drug and how it reduces the pain of a person? Are the chemicals used in it safely, dangerous or both?
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0answers
76 views
Is there a drug that can encapsulate benzene in the liver? [closed]
I'm doing a project on the prevention of leukemia and upon researching on the metabolism of benzene in the liver (since high levels of benzene can lead to leukemia), I thought of a question that was ...
6
votes
1answer
2k views
Which poison was used in the failed attempt to assassinate Khaled Mashal of Hamas?
This question is both historical and chemistry-related, but I'm posting it here because I am more interested in the chemical part:
In 1997, Israel tried to assassinate Khaled Mashal, a high-rank ...
2
votes
0answers
174 views
What is the most likely reaction between minocycline and tramadol in physiological conditions?
Minocyline (left) and Tramadol (right) are two commonly prescribed medications containing typical organic functional groups.
What would an expert chemist surmise as the first or most-likely reaction ...
2
votes
1answer
540 views
What concentration of small molecule binding is considered weak or strong?
In the chemistry literature, I often see a stated concentration (nanomolar, micromolar, millimolar) followed by qualitative judgment on the potency of the small molecule for protein inhibition. What ...
2
votes
1answer
647 views
BCS class of nifedipine
So I had an exam today in which one of the questions was in what class (I-IV) of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) the drug nifedipine falls in. Class I drugs are considered highly ...
2
votes
1answer
276 views
Theoretical synthesis of dimetinden
I tried to find a way to synthesize Dimetinden (N,N-dimethyl-2-[3-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-inden-2-yl]ethan-1-amine) with an Indensynthesis
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10....
2
votes
3answers
5k views
Determine from pKa if acid or base
I'm studying medicine, not chemistry, but I hope you can help me anyway.
I just had to solve a question where it is given that the drug Propranolol has a $\text{p}K_{\text{a}}$ of 9.5 and the un-...
1
vote
1answer
330 views
Analysis of methylphenidate (Ritalin) HCl extended release tablets
For a project I have to determine the drug concentration release profile of self-made methylphenidate HCl (MHCl) extended release tablets (hydrophilic matrix). We are thus doing a dissolution test as ...
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votes
1answer
96 views
What does penicillin react with? [closed]
Just wondering what penicillin reacts with and if so, can you please write a word equation.
I've tried to do some research on it but had no luck. would mean a lot if someone could help me out
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1answer
2k views
What is the chemical equation for penicillin? [closed]
For our chemistry homework, we have to write the chemical equation for Penicillin.
1
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1answer
613 views
What is the difference between an assay and an extemporaneous preparation?
What is the difference between an assay and an extemporaneous preparation?
Can an extemporaneous preparation be labelled as the BP mixture?
0
votes
1answer
233 views
Why are a calico strainer and chloroform used in a British Pharmacopoeia assay of milk of magnesia?
The following is an assay for milk of magnesia in the British Pharmacopoeia (emphasis added):
Dissolve the sodium hydroxide in $\pu{150 cm^3}$ of purified water, add the light magnesium oxide, mix ...
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votes
1answer
1k views
Turn Solution to hcl salt [closed]
I have a liquid mixture in a bottle containing different substances dissolved from their salt forms (i.e. lidocaine hydrochloride, anhydrous caffeine). These compounds are dissolved in distilled water....
1
vote
2answers
1k views
What is the specific functional group in MDMA that caused addictive effect on user? [closed]
First of all, the reason I'm asking this is because I'd just done an experiment detecting MDMA in a urine sample with GC-MS for my internship program. I'm having difficulties figuring the functional ...
0
votes
1answer
356 views
Sample preparation for UV analysis of drug content in capsules/tablets
I want to analyse the drug content of a sample of gelatin capsules filled with active drug (declared dose is known) and excipients such as lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose etc. with UV ...
2
votes
1answer
449 views
In the graph provided, which of the substances is the most efficient in acting as an antacid?
If every dot represents the addition of 0.1 g of the respective base. I suppose that the best would be the one that reaches the highest pH, in the shortest time, for example Calcium Carbonate, but if ...
1
vote
1answer
81 views
What are aryl chlorides currently used for?
In a recent paper by Gustafson et al. (DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02650) the authors open with the argument that
aryl chlorides are both versatile synthetic handles and common functionalities in ...
10
votes
2answers
958 views
Could the difference between absorption time of Diclofenac Sodium and Diclofenac Potassium be related to the cation?
Diclofenac is a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) that comes in a variety of formulations. Two of the most common forms are diclofenac sodium and diclofenac potassium (the links ...
