Questions tagged [bond]
For questions about chemical bonds (ionic/covalent/etc.), their properties (length, energy, angle, etc.) or their relation to other molecular properties (intermolecular forces/dipole moment/etc.). Do not confuse this tag with [lewis-structures], [dipole], [intermolecular-forces], etc.
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Half sigma bonds
$\ce{N2+}$ has $2$ $\pi$-bonds and a half sigma bond.
First of all, how can a "half" sigma bond exist? Usually when we encounter non integral bond orders, it is mostly because of resonance ...
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Does boron form compounds without covalent bonds?
I have read that boron, due to the very high sum of its first three ionization energies, it is not able to form its +3 ions, and thus it generally forms only covalent compounds. But in a popular ...
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Why No Change in Polarizability in Asymmetric Stretch?
In order for a molecule to be Raman active, there must be a change in the polarizability, meaning that there must be change in the size, shape or orientation of the electron cloud that surrounds the ...
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Why does the C−H bond dissociation energy vary in a homologous series of primary alcohols?
Specifically, for the primary carbon atom in the alcohol. Here is bond dissociation energy (BDE) data from chapter three of Luo's Comprehensive handbook of chemical bond energies [1] (boldface refers ...
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Is this diagram correct for difference between 2N and N2
There is 1 $\ce{N2}$ molecule formed with 2 atoms of nitrogen.
2N is 2 separate nitrogen atoms which have not formed any bond.Reasons could be that they didn’t get enough energy to form bond so they ...
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Why do amides require much harsher conditions for hydrolysis than esters?
Amides require much harsher conditions to hydrolyse than its ester homologue. An explanation given is that the orbitals holding the lone pair on the nitrogen overlaps with the C=O π-bond to give ...
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Why is the carbon fluorine bond stronger than the carbon oxygen bond?
From this wiredchemist.com, I obtained values of the bond dissociation energies of the $\ce{C-O}$ and $\ce{C-F}$ bonds:
\begin{align}
D_0(\ce{C-F}) &= \pu{485 KJ mol-1}\\
D_0(\ce{C-O}) &= \...
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Why does B12H12 Borane not exist? [duplicate]
Whenever I searched "$\ce{B12H12}$ Borane", I can't seem to find anything, and get met with only the dianion of $\ce{B12H12}$. Why doesn't $\ce{B12H12}$ exist on its own?
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How to break bonds of tea on a curtain? [closed]
If I throw tea on my curtain , it looks as if the curtain has absorbed tea molecules but is it true to say that since matter has spaces between them.So these tea molecules go into that space and stick ...
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Help determining normalisation constant in SALC of methane
We have been told that a symmetry adapted combination of four hydrogen orbitals is used to create localised hydrogen orbitals for methane. These orthonormal combinations are denoted ψa1, ψt’2, ψt’’2 ...
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Why does matter have spaces between them? [closed]
If you mix sugar Crystal in a glass of water and mix it well, the level of water will not rise.The reason they say is that matter have spaces between them.If matter have spaces between them , How ...
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Is iron(iii) hydroxide equivalent to hydrated iron(iii) oxide? [duplicate]
Are the chemicals $\ce{Fe(OH)3}$ and $\ce{Fe2O3⋅3H2O}$ equivalent? They are both network solids and have the same empirical formula but I know that doesn't always mean they are structurally the same.
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Lewis dot structure of H3NF2 [closed]
Consider a hypothetical compound $\ce{H3NF2}$. What will be its Lewis dot structure? I'm stuck, since Nitrogen cannot exhibit pentavalence, or at least its not stable (unlike phosphorous in $\ce{H3PF2}...
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Bonding in d10 metals such as Zn
I recently learned about the MO bonding model in metals, where many metal atoms form lots of orbitals close in energy that form bands. However, I can't understand the bonding in d10 metals. It seems ...
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Why are square planar molecules drawn from the side plane as opposed to the top plane?
Simply put, why can't you draw square planar molecules top down (so you don't have to use depth bonds)?
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Why do certain compounds dissolve in oil? Why do some types of compounds dissolve in oil, yet not water? [duplicate]
Sorry if this is an obvious answer. I tried rewording this question every way I could, but search engines came up with nothing- they all skirted around this exact question.
Why do certain compounds, ...
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In the DNA backbone, which bonds exactly are considered ester bonds?
Following are the three different answers to this question that I reached by googling. Which of them is right?
The covalent bond between the 3' C and the O, and the covalent bond between the 5' C and ...
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Insight into covalent bonds from electrostatic perspective
I try to understand, from the electromagnetic side only, how the molecule could be more stable than each atom, and concluded that it could not. Where is my mistake?
Here is an illustration :
By using ...
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Type of diagram and ordering of bonds used to depict a glucose molecule
I find these type of diagrams
easier to consult when building molecules using a 'molecular building kit'. Is there a name for this type of diagram?
For the glucose molecule (in the above diagram), I ...
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Alternative explanation of ethene's pi bond [closed]
This tutorial about ethene's bonds has the following paragraph that I hope someone can paraphrase in a better way:
The pi bond dominates the chemistry of ethene. It is very vulnerable to attack - a ...
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Can H+ ion exist independently? [duplicate]
Can H+ ion exist independently since it does need to form any bonds.Why do we say that it needs to be in H30+ ion form?
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Misconception in valence bond theory
Since the overlap increases with directional properties of orbital,
$$\ce{p - p > s - s > s - p}$$
However it is also observed that the bond strength of
$$\ce{H-F > H-H > F-F}$$
$$\ce{\{s ...
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Are pi bond like like interactions possible when substituents in a compound are not directly connected? [closed]
identify the more acidic compound (and the answer is the III is more acidic than II ).
My reasoning: Consider II compound, we have oxygen attached to the carbon forming a sigma and a $\pi$ bond, this ...
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Reference Request - bond lengths in PCl2F3
While writing an answer here, I needed references for bond lengths of $\ce{PF3Cl2}$ and $\ce{PF4Cl}$. The latter was easily found in reference (1), whereas I could not find exact references for bond ...
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How does a body lose electrons? [closed]
If there is a Na and cl in solid form , There will be atoms inside of them.How do they lose electrons ?.We know solid body has a structure and covering.Just like you can touch is the covering of table ...
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Comparison between Molecular Orbital Theory and Valence Bond Theory
I have been reading about introductory Molecular Orbital Theory lately. Till now, I have used Valence Bond Theory to evaluate bonding. I have a few questions about it:-
In VBT, we used the idea that ...
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Solving detergent powder in a solution
I used a detergent powder mixed with water to clean my espresso machine. Some micro particles of powder are stuck into machine's inner tank. So when I pull the hot water out of the machine's nozzle, ...
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If Electronegativity of Cl is greater than H2 then why is the bond angle of Cl2O greater than H2O? [duplicate]
If Electronegativity of Cl is greater than H2 then why is the bond angle of Cl2O greater than H2O?
Cl2 has more EN than H2 and size of Cl2 is more than H2 but if we go according to EN then more angle ...
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Average bond energy of H−F and H−O hydrogen bonds
Which of the following hydrogen bonds (shown by the dotted line) has the highest average bond energy?
A) $\ce{F-H\bond{...}F}$
B) $\ce{F-H\bond{...}O}$
I am thinking the answer is $A$ since the ...
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Finding the chemical formula for an ionic compound made using iridium and nitrite ion [closed]
What is the most likely chemical formula for an ionic compound involving the elements iridium and nitrite?
The charge on the polyatomic ion $\ce{NO2}$ is $-1$, whereas $\ce{Ir}$ is a transitional ...
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Can single molecules of C and O2 react in isolation, and if so how will momentum be conserved?
I am trying to figure out how is it possible to reconcile the reality of exothermic reactions, which means that kinetic energy is transferred to (heats) the surrounding matter, with the principle of ...
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But what are anti-bonding pi-orbital? In search for an intuitive explanation [closed]
Imagine that you want to explain to an undergraduate why they have to to shade the pi-orbitals in a symmetrical way, i.e. dark on top (+), white on bottom (-) for two neighbouring pi-orbitals because ...
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How does the position of hydroxyl group in a nucleotide monomer affect the dehydration synthesis of nucleotides?
In dehydration synthesis of nucleotides, the hydrogen atom from the 3' carbon on the deoxyribose sugar of one nucleotide reacts with the hydroxyl group on the phosphate group of another nucleotide to ...
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Is hypervalency a real thing? [duplicate]
I saw a proper debate going on between answers to a question about whether the octet rule could be violated. Some people were pointing to hypervalency in period 3 elements, due to the available d-...
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Why is it rational that salt-bridges (in proteins) are described as a combination of H-bond and ionic bond?
This is a fundamental question that came to me as I was trying to draw the electrostatic attraction between Aspartate (D) and lysine (K). I have always considered the charge on nitrogen, in the lysine ...
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Can a metallic bond with a sea of electrons form inside the human body? [closed]
I’m interested if atoms or ions can for a metallic bond inside the human body?
I’m talking about a metallic bond as described here: https://www.britannica.com/science/metallic-bond
So I’m thinking of ...
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Contradiction of general rules of bond character [closed]
The rules the ionic character of metal halides of halogens is given in order $\ce{MF > MCl > MBr > MI}$.
While judging polarisability we say that a compound that has large cation and small ...
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Is it possible for already charged metal ions to form a metallic bond? [closed]
I would like to know if it is possible for already charged metal ions to become part of a metallic bond.
I was thinking of a possible metallic bond formation with other already charged metal ions or a ...
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Metal coordination in enzymes: What type and number of bonds form between amino acid residues and Fe(II)?
My understanding: Transition (d-block) metals, as found in intracellular proteins, are limited to about 10 elements including amongst others Fe, Ni, and Cu. Due to the reductive environments inside ...
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In metallic bonding, what causes a metal to lose its outer electrons and become an ion? [duplicate]
In metallic bonding, what causes a metal to lose its outer electrons and become an ion? I am trying to understand metallic bonding, atoms and ions.
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Can d(x²-y²) form π bonds with other p- or d-orbitals? [closed]
$d_{x^2-y^2}$ doesn't change sign when transformation of $x\rightarrow-x$ or when similar transformation with $y$ is made. However no such thing occurs with any p- or d-orbital. Thus, can we say that $...
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bonding in polar covalent bonds
I have recently learned that pure ionic and covalent bonds are just the extremes of a spectrum of bonds from this article from Chemguide. But I can't seem to square this with my understanding of how ...
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Backbonding in phosphorous pentoxide
I read this today in a book that $\ce{P=O}$ in $\ce{P4O10}$ consists of a coordinate bond and pπ-dπ backbonding, but why does this happen?
Can't phosphorus share its lone pair with one of the lone ...
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Which of the following has a stronger hydrogen bonding: F-H- -O or F-H- -F?
I thought of two approaches to solve this question . Since the electronegativity of Oxygen is lower than Fluorine it would be a better donor than Fluorine to the electron deficient Hydrogen . Another ...
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What is exposed in the surface tension of water?
(I guess) I understand the covalent bonding of water and the hydrogen bonding of water between two different molecules, but I would like to know which part is the part that that exposes itself to the ...
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Why do atoms on the periodic table have the number of valence electrons that they do?
I'm studying year 11 and am learning about valence electrons and how these electrons drive intermolecular bonds.
What I have not been able to find an explanation to is why all the elements on the ...
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Dipole moments of cis and gem alkenes [duplicate]
The procedure for comparing dipole moments for cis- and trans-alkenes is quite easy, but how to compare dipole moments of
1,1 dichloroethene (1); and
cis-dichloroethene (2)?
My teacher told me that ...
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How to bond polymer to polymer (TPU on PMMA)
TL;DR I wanted to bond TPU films to PMMA slab. I have tried thermal bonding but it is was not practical (I do not know why?). Can anyone please give me a method to bound them?
"Thermal bonding&...
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why does lithium fluoride have a higher lattice energy than lithium iodide?
Based on my knowledge, lattice energy is proportional to the multiplication of the charge of the ions, divided by the sum of the radius of ions, as follows:
$$\text{Lattice energy} \propto \dfrac{q_+ \...
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what is the graphic difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
Reading my chemistry 101 again I can not find a graphical difference between an ionic bond (gaining-losing and electron) and a covalent bond (sharing) an electron when I try to think of the orbits/...
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