Questions tagged [aqueous-solution]
For questions relating to compounds dissolved in water and resulting reactions and acid-base equilibria.
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How does a silver chloride electrode (Ag/AgCl) convert the potential in aqueous solution to the wire?
I am aware of the redox chemistry that happens at the electrode surface, but I'm not sure how exactly a change in electrical potential in the solution would change the potential in the electrode?
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Why are the open-chain and cyclic forms of glucose "in equilibrium"?
Glucose can appear in several different isomers, including an open chain and several cyclic forms. According to Molecular Chemistry of the Cell (5th ed., Fig. 2-18) "The open-chain form of this ...
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Redox mass balancing trouble
I'm a university student. I've been given the following redox to study and balance using ionic-electronic method:
$$CuS_{(aq)} + HNO_{3(aq)} \longrightarrow Cu(NO_3)_{2(aq)} + H_2O_{(l)} + SO_{2(g)} + ...
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Study of model reaction HCl + NH3 in water
I'm a student, and I've been given the neutralization reaction between $HCl$ and $NH_3$ to study. It Is asked to calculate how much acid is necessary to add to a $NH_3$ solution to make all the ...
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Will the product of electrolysis of all dilute aqueous solutions be hydrogen or oxygen?
According to my book, the electrolysis of some dilute solutions give hydrogen and oxygen because the concentration of other elements is very low. So, does this apply to all dilute solutions?
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Mobility of salts on unbonded bare silica HILIC column
I have two chemical compounds that I put on cells, to see if they can diffuse into the cytosol. The compounds are similar in structure, but contain a key modification that alter the polarity ...
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Why copper(I) is unstable in aqueous medium?
I am expecting that $\ce{Cu+}$ attains a $\mathrm d^{10}$ configuration by losing one electron from s-subshell. Since it has fully filled d-orbital, it should be stable. But it is found that it is ...
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What's in my shampoo mystery water? [closed]
I just noticed the primary ingredient in my L'Oreal shampoo is 1101573PT20 Aqua. In the corresponding conditioner it is 1067691PT30 Aqua. Last I knew, water didn't have specific alphanumeric ...
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Mass of boron in boric acid
I have recently submitted a slime activator product for EN71-3 UK toy safety testing. The test aims to measure the amount of boron that is able to migrate from the toy if it is consumed by a child in ...
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Sodium Citrate / Sodium Phosphate Buffer Calculations
I'm trying to work through the calculations of a specific paper (linked here / below) but, my numbers are way off and I can't get them to match for the life of me. I need to make the same buffer but ...
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Numerically solving chemical equilibrium equations
Here are chemical equilibrium equations:
$\begin{cases}
\mathbf{N}^\text{T}\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{C}=\mathbf{Y}\\
\mathbf{N}\ln\mathbf{Y}=\ln\mathbf{K}
\end{cases}$
Here $\mathbf{C}=\begin{pmatrix}c_1\\...
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Can you create pure sodium metal by electrolysis of aqueous NaCl rather than molten NaCl?
I was researching how to make pure sodium from salt because I think it would be interesting to do. In all of the articles I read that talked about using $\ce{NaCl}$ they said to melt it and then use ...
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Experiment on pH vs Rate of Electrolysis - what do the results actually say?
My experimental setup looks at using different pH solutions (of $\ce{H2SO4}$ and $\ce{NaOH}$) for electrolysis of water with a Hoffman setup and then measuring the rate of production of gas (note this ...
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Water based room spray [closed]
Hello I’m trying to mix essential oils to water and alcohol to create a room spray, unfortunately the oils rise to the surface and clog the atomiser pump.
Do you advise to use an emulsifier to the mix?...
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Variation of conductance of saturated aqueous solution with temperature
The following question was asked in JEE Mains 2020:
Let $C_{\ce{NaCl}}$ and $C_{\ce{BaSO4}}$ be the conductances (in S) measured for saturated aqueous solutions of $\ce{NaCl}$ and $\ce{BaSO4}$, ...
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Why do fluoride ions "win" over thiocyanate ions in a solution with iron ions?
When you mix aqueous iron(III) nitrate and potassium thiocyanate together you get a red solution. Then if you add sodium fluoride, the red colour disappears.
This is basically because the $\ce{Fe(...
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Reaction between sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), isopropyl alcohol, and acetic acid (vinegar)?
I observed this reaction by playing around with vinegar and baking soda and I do not completely understand it.
Everyone knows that baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and vinegar (acetic acid) go crazy ...
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Store Palladium Chloride in Solution
I have one gram of palladium chloride ($\ce{PdCl2}$) and I want to use very small quantities of it, in milligrams somewhere. It is not possible for me to get my hands on a scale that can measure that ...
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Henry's law p = kx vs m = kp
What exactly is the difference between the following equations?
$$p = kx \qquad\text{and}\qquad m = kp$$
Is the $k$ in both same, because I have seen same $k$ in textbooks for both equations?
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Why is my Ni or Fe cathode blackening and pores getting blocked during alkaline (6 M KOH) electrolysis?
I am conducting an electrolysis process for hydrogen $(\ce{H2})$ and oxygen $(\ce{O2})$ generation using a $\pu{6 M}$ $\ce{KOH}$ alkaline solution.
During the process, I have observed that my cathode ...
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Why does balancing the reduction of dichromate(VI) to chromium(III) require four water molecules among the products?
Problem
Balance the following chemical equation using oxidation numbers:
$$\ce{Cr2O7^2–(aq) + HNO2(aq) –> Cr^3+(aq) + NO3–(aq)}$$
Solution (in Swedish)
$$\ce{\overset{+VI}{Cr}_2O7^2–(aq) + H\...
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Chemicals that form coloured complexes with Pb(II) cations
I’m currently conducting a photo-spectrometric analysis of lead concentration in water, and was looking into using Eriochrome Black T (EBT) as an indicator for $\ce{Pb^2+}$ (due to the complex forming ...
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How to dissolve a powdered drug once it has been mixed with water
For a biological experiment I have acquired $\pu{10 mg}$ of CHIR 99021 (laduviglusib). In order to obtain a $\pu{10 mM}$ stock solution, I had to dissolve the powder in $\pu{2.15 mL}$ of dimethyl ...
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Reaction of Lead(II) Chloride and Ammonia
While searching how to identify cations in a solution I found that ammonia could be used to distinguish between $\ce{AgCl}$ and $\ce{PbCl2}$ precipitates after $\ce{HCl}$ had been added.
Why does ...
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Salts solubility and speciation calculations using PHREEQC
I am collecting data from literature for CO2 solubility in aqueous solutions. These are usually synthetic brines and are reported as molalities or wt% of salts or salt mixtures (I have NaCl, KCl, ...
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What reaction takes place when ammonia and sulfur dioxide are introduced into barium chloride solution?
What reaction takes place when gaseous $\ce{NH3}$ and $\ce{SO2}$ are introduced into $\ce{BaCl2}$ solution and an insoluble white solid is produced?
I think that the white solid could be $\ce{BaSO4}$ ...
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Does solubility product dictate predominant precipitate from the solution with several ionic compounds?
While removing temporary hardness through boiling, magnesium bicarbonate will give $\ce{Mg(OH)2}.$ $\ce{Mg(OH)2}$ predominates over $\ce{MgCO3}$ as the solubility product $K_\mathrm{sp}$ of $\ce{Mg(OH)...
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Do electrons really hang around the electrode while ions go take a swim?
This answer to this post addresses "what happens if you dip a single zinc electrode into some electrolyte solution." It explains that
However, though the zinc ion can diffuse through the ...
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How to break down soap and detergents?
I am building a greywater harvesting system. It is a 3-stage system:
The 1st stage breaks down soap and detergents.
The 2nd stage filters the water.
The 3rd stage pumps water out of system.
What ...
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My textbook writes hydronium ion as [H(H2O)]+, is this correct? [closed]
[...] Thus, it bonds to the oxygen atom of a solvent water
molecule to give trigonal pyramidal hydronium ion, $\ce{H3O^+}$ $\ce{\{[H (H2O)]^+\}}$ (see box).
In this chapter we shall use $\ce{H^+(aq)}$ ...
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Does Calcium Carbonate dissolve in an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate?
A countertop company (Wilsonart) advises the use of sodium bicarbonate to remove limescale (solid calcium carbonate) from the worktop surface. Acidic solutions are contraindicated because the ...
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Why does balancing the oxidation of dichromate(VI) to chromium(III) require six iron atoms?
The problem:
Balance the following chemical equation using oxidation numbers:
$$ \ce{Fe^2+ + Cr_2O_7^2- -> Fe^3+ + Cr^3+} $$
What I have tried:
$$\ce{\overset{+II}{Fe}^{2+}(aq) + \overset{+VI}{Cr}...
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Who is more polar: acetonitrile or methanol?
According to data dipole moment of acetonitrile is around 4 while that of methanol is 1.7 but is said that acetonitrile is more soluble in non polar solvent that methanol.
But shouldn't methanol be ...
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Stability of n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside in buffer solutions for assay experiments
I have a buffer system which contains multiple salts and in addition DTT and n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside.
I understand that DTT is hydrolysing quite fast and this component must be used always fresh ...
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In an unsaturated solution, is the product of ions still equal to Ksp?
Suppose I have a solution of a sparingly soluble compound, and consider its solubility in g/L. If I have less g/L of solution than that amount, it means the solution is unsaturated, but what happens ...
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Estimation methods for temperature evolution of a high $\Delta H_{mix}$ dilution ($\ce{KOH}$ in water)
Question up front: Can temperature evolution in solutions be short-hand-estimated by simple state based calculations - with reasonable expectations of precision? (+/- 10° C)
I am trying to calculate ...
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Solubility of hydrogen
I'm interested in bacterial fermentation which produces molecular hydrogen as an end product. If bacteria produce molecular hydrogen in solution under anaerobic conditions, does this remain dissolved ...
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What does it mean for a substance to be "sparingly soluble"?
I have trouble understanding what solubility means. Merriam-Webster defines it as follows:
1 the quality or state of being soluble
2 the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of ...
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What is the hydrated diameter of a lithium ion？
When salts dissolve in water, the anions, cations, and strongly polar water molecules undergo hydration reactions, resulting in the formation of hydrated ions with a specific number of coordinated ...
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Soluble Ion separation [closed]
Is it possible to separate ions dissolved in solution? I know that the charges have to be balanced, so thinking that maybe it is possible to artificially give that charge? Take for example, sodium ...
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Successive deprotonation - how far can it go?
It has been written that among the equilibria of the dissolution of $\ce{SO_2}$ in water, the dissociation of sulphur dioxide into $\ce{HSO_3^-(aq) + H_3O^+(aq)}$ is a complete dissociation. See the ...
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Increasing energy density for flow batteries with water based electrolyte?
Given a flow battery with a water based electrolyte, would it be possible to increase the energy density of battery by precipitating the redox active species from the anolyte and catholyte solutions? ...
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Aqueous state on CO2 and O2 in the Photosynthesis Chemical Equation
While reading through a book I came across the equation for photosynthesis:
$$ \ce{6CO2(aq) + 12H2O(l) -> C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq) + 6H2O(l)}\tag{1} $$ in the presence of sunlight + chlorophyll.
For ...
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Freezing of a beverage
I am trying to generally describe the process of freezing beer and how the different ingredients influence the freezing process. My general approach right now is to observe a beer as 90% water and 10% ...
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Copper metal with silver ion
My book states that $\ce{2AgNO3(aq) +Cu ->Cu(NO3^-)2(aq) +2Ag(s)}$. In addition to the formula, it also shows the following image:
As in the image it shows the salmon colored copper atoms are ...
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Mass of gaseous ammonia required to prepare ammonia solution of a given pH
How many grams of gaseous ammonia do you need to make $\pu{200 mL}$ aqueous ammonia solution with $\mathrm{pH} = 11.34?$
As the mole ratio is the same for $\ce{H+}$ and $\ce{NH3},$
$$\ce{NH3 + H+ -&...
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Why does saline have a pH of 5.5?
I am a physician and administer 0.9% NaCl in water ("normal saline") to patients frequently. The bag says it has a pH of 5.5 (compared to the human body of 7.4).
I am asking why the pH is so low. It ...
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Why do the Ions Swap in double displacement?
I'm curious but in a double displacement reaction I know that the anions are swapped around and normally a precipitate is formed, but why do the ions swap? Has it got something to do with electrical ...
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visualization problem of dilution of enthalpy $\Delta_{dil} H$ data with different initial concentrations
description
I have a question about the $m_f$ vs. $\Delta_{\text{dil}} H$ plot in some experimental studies.
For example, the dilution-of-enthalpy data at 300 °C with two initial concetration ($m_i$) ...
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Do the amino groups in EDTA deprotonate first, in contrast to amino acids?
We know that in amino acids, carboxylic acid groups deprotonate first than the amine groups. For example, in alanine, $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a,\ce{COOH}} = 2.34$, $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a,\ce{NH3+}} = 9....
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