If I have $X$ moles of a gas and I put them in a container at constant volume $V$, will the molarity of the gas then be $X/V$?
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asked Mar 12, 2018 at 15:57
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1$\begingroup$ related chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/19702/… $\endgroup$– MithoronMar 12, 2018 at 20:11
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3 Answers
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Molarity is defined as "moles of solute per volume of solution", which implies that the system is in the liquid state.
As such, molarity is undefined for anything in a gaseous state -- there is no solute/solvent distinction in the gas phase.
You can define the concentration of a gas, though, and that calculation would be exactly the one you've described: placing $X$ moles of a gas in a container of volume $V$ yields a concentration $C=X/V$, with units of, e.g., $\pu{mol\over dm^3}$.
Note that while these units might look the same as the units of molarity, they are different. In this concentration value, the volume is the volume of the container; in a molarity value, the volume is the volume of the solution.
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$\begingroup$ Ok! If the value of the volume is not specified, but if I am told that it is constant, can I say that the concentration of the gas is, for example, $X$ mol / l? $\endgroup$ Mar 12, 2018 at 16:32
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$\begingroup$ @GuillemusCallelus No... if the volume is not specified, even as a variable, then it's impossible to write an expression for the concentration. $\endgroup$– hBy2PyMar 12, 2018 at 16:43
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$\begingroup$ @GuillemusCallelus Huh. Reading this again, three years later, I think I might have misread your question -- you can definitely write an expression for the concentration using an unknown variable, but it would make the most sense to me to write that expressing using a variable in place of the volume (the specific unknown thing), and not the concentration, which you could write as $n/V$, where $n$ is the amount you have of the gas of interest. $\endgroup$– hBy2PyMar 15, 2021 at 13:33
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The answer given by hBy2Py is correct - "only solutions have molarity" is likely the right thing to say on the quiz. It will help you remember that in calculations of equilibrium constants and Nernst potentials, gases are referenced to a standard pressure rather than a concentration, and that pressure corresponds to 1 bar at 0 C = 1 mol / 22.7 L, not 1 mol/L.
But ... that answer is also wrong, and here's why.
Many modern texts define "solutions" to include mixtures of gases. By that semantics, you correctly described the molarity of a solution in your question.
It is commonly said and often useful to know that water at STP is 55.5 mol/L. Though converting this to a vapor normally involves boiling and a visible change of state, we also have the option to pressurize it to 300 atm, heat to 700 K, then lower the pressure. This goes around the critical point on the phase diagram. Although subtle and interesting boundaries between supercritical liquid and supercritical gas can be drawn, there is no point on that path at which we would feel a sudden need to stop using mol/L to report the moles of water per liter. In a study of hydrothermal water you might need to work in any region of the phase diagram along that path using consistent terms.
Most importantly, thinking about the concentration of gases can help you to understand the colligative properties of solutions. For example, the ideal gas law PV = nRT can be rewritten as P = cRT, where c = n/V is the concentration of the gas as you defined it. That is the same formula as we use (at first approximation, and remembering some substances dissociate into multiple moles of particles) to determine the osmotic pressure of a solution! It takes some doing to understand how these relate to the thermal energy of individual particles, but by regarding the situations side by side you will have an easier time of it.
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Mike Serfas raised a very good point and it exposes the fallacy behind the concept of up vote, down vote or accepted answers. How does the OP know that the answer is "right"? There is no guarantee that the accepted answer is the right one and the down voted one is the wrong one. Since when science started relying on populism?
How can we say that the molarity of a gaseous mixture is undefined? Who said so?
If we look up IUPAC's molarity, they suggest the term "amount concentration"
Amount of a constituent divided by the volume of the mixture. Also called amount-of-substance concentration, substance concentration (in clinical chemistry) and in older literature molarity.
https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00295
There is no such requirement that the solute must have some interaction with the solvent for molarity to be well-defined.
