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I read about splitting patterns in proton NMR and found that this is due to spin-spin coupling, where reference to Pascal's triangle can explain the splitting patterns found in doublet, triplet and quartet.
My book mentions this later:
There are also no splitting patterns caused by the spin-spin coupling, i.e. interaction of neighbouring protons in the 1-H atoms within molecules.
Advanced Chemistry for You, Third Edition (Ryan)
Why do you not find splitting patterns in Carbon-13 NMR?
In 1H NMR, spin-spin coupling leading to multiplet structure most commonly arises due to coupling to other 1H nuclei. This is most often taught in terms of neighbouring 1H nuclei having "up" and "down" spins, both of which lead to the nucleus of interest experiencing a slightly different magnetic field, and hence having a slightly different chemical shift. While this is only a simplification, it is probably sufficient for the purposes of this question.
In 13C NMR, though, proton decoupling is often employed. As the name suggests, this removes all effects of coupling to protons (i.e. 1H). How is this achieved? Essentially, while the signal from the 13C nuclei is being recorded, the NMR spectrometer simultaneously and continually irradiates the 1H nuclei with energy. This means that each 1H nucleus is rapidly undergoing "spin-flips" between up and down spin, and therefore, what the 13C nucleus sees is actually a magnetic field that is very rapidly oscillating between the two possible values. What is actually observed in the NMR spectrum is an average of the two possible values, which is equivalent to what would be seen if there was no coupling to begin with.
Why do we do this, though?
All of these factors make proton-decoupled carbon spectra – or in NMR lingo, 13C{1H} spectra – the preferred experiment.
If you're interested in coupling to nuclei other than 1H:
coupling to 13C is all but invisible, considering the low natural abundance of 13C. Recall that in a 13C spectrum you are only observing 1% of all the carbons present. How many of those carbons are coupled to another 13C nucleus? Or in other words, what are the chances of finding two 13C nuclei next to each other? Pretty low is the answer – so much so that an NMR experiment designed to measure C–C couplings was given the acronym INADEQUATE.
coupling to other abundant spin-1/2 nuclei is in fact very often seen. Two simple examples are 19F and 31P, both of which are close to 100% natural abundance – in compounds containing F or P, multiplet structure will be observed in the carbon spectrum. Here's the spectrum of 1-chloro-2-fluoroethane, $\ce{FCH2CH2Cl}$, courtesy of SDBS. The two peaks on the left are from the carbon next to fluorine; coupling to fluorine leads to a 1:1 doublet being observed. Likewise, the two peaks on the right are from the carbon next to chlorine. It is still coupled to fluorine, but because of the greater distance, the coupling constant is smaller.
There is also probably a wealth of examples in organometallic chemistry (for example 103Rh is also spin-1/2), but I don't currently have the energy to find a good example.
coupling to quadrupolar nuclei (nuclei with spin > 1/2) can be seen, depending on the symmetry of the molecule and on some other physical parameters. For example, since deuterium has spin 1, the carbon peak in $\ce{CDCl3}$ is observed as a 1:1:1 triplet (a familiar sight to organic chemists). But this is not always the case: for a more in-depth explanation see, e.g. Symmetry and NMR linewidths of quadrupolar nuclei
