SN2 nucleophilic attack with alpha unsaturation

Question

The following two questions prompted me to ask this question.

1. Determine the order of the following compounds according to reactivity in Williamson Ether Synthesis.
   a. $\ce{CH3CH2CH2Br}$
   b. $\ce{CH2=CHCH2Cl}$

2. Which of these represent the ether($\ce{CH2=CHCH2OC3H7}$) on forming peroxide in air
   a. $\ce{CH2=CHCH2OCH(OOH)CH2CH3}$
   b. $\ce{CH2=CH-CH(OOH)OC3H7}$

In both the case, I think the question is the relative ease of nucleophilic attack on carbon with $\alpha$-unsaturation. In the former, the bromine is a better leaving group. But, the presence of $\alpha$-unsaturation in the chloro compound, changes the order to b>a. In the latter, the attack of oxygen depends on the most stable electrophilic centre.

My question:-

Is $\alpha$-unsaturation favourable for nucleophilic attack? Relevant factors would be the increased electrophilicity of the carbon attached to the $sp^2$ hybridised ethylinic carbon and the repulsion of the negative nucleophile by the pi electrons.

Answer 1

As Ben Norris said, the aspects of nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks are not relevant in the second case.

Talking about the compound given in question 1(b), the first step of nucleophilic attack is opposed by the conditions you mentioned, i.e., of the electron withdrawal effect of the double bond and replusion of nucleophile by $\pi$ electron cloud.

But talking in terms of yield of the product, it is necessary to consider two things:

1. Chlorine is a good leaving group.
2. The stability of the carbocation intermediate formed by $SN_1$ mechanism (steric factors don't favour $SN_2$). The carbocation formed will be very stable due to conjugation with the double bond. Hence, the yield of the product is not much low.

While solving the above question, we should look at the stability of carbocation intermediate formed,which is a more dominating effect. Though Bromine is a better leaving group, and there is decrease in tendency for nucleophilic attack due to $\alpha $-unsaturation; both factors which support higher nucleophilic attack for the first compound, stabilisation of carbocation by resonance (conjugation) is highly stabilising, and this shadows the opposing factors.