# Thermodynamics: Combining the 1st and 2nd Law

I'm confused how combining the first and second laws can derive

$$dS = \left(\frac{C_p}{T}\right)dT+ \left[ \left( \frac{1}{T} \right) \left\{ \left( \frac{\partial H}{\partial P} \right)_T -V \right\} \right] dP$$

The 1st Law states $dU = dq + dw$, and the 2nd Law states $dS = \frac{dq_{rev}} {T}$

I factored out $\frac{1}{T}$ in the given equation to make

$$dS = \frac{1}{T} \left[ \left( C_p\, dT \right) + { \left( \frac{\partial H}{\partial P} \right)_TdP - V dP } \right]$$

$C_p = \frac{dq}{dT}$

Therefore, $$dS = \frac{1}{T} \left[ dq + { \left( \frac{\partial H}{\partial P} \right)_TdP - V dP } \right]$$

Without analyzing $\left\{ \left( \frac{\partial H}{\partial P} \right)_T - V dP \right\}$, I already have $dS = \frac{dq}{T}$.

Can anyone explain this for me?

Thanks,

Starting with $$dH=TdS+VdP\tag{1}$$H is a function of T and P, so$$dH=\left(\frac{\partial H}{\partial T}\right)_PdT+\left(\frac{\partial H}{\partial P}\right)_TdP\tag{2}$$Substituting Eqn. 2 into Eqn. 1, $$\left(\frac{\partial H}{\partial T}\right)_PdT+\left(\frac{\partial H}{\partial P}\right)_TdP=TdS+VdP\tag{3}$$But, from the definition of $C_p$, $$C_p\equiv \left(\frac{\partial H}{\partial T}\right)_P \tag{4}$$Substituting Eqn. 4 into Eqn. 3 gives:$$C_pdT+\left(\frac{\partial H}{\partial P}\right)_TdP=TdS+VdP\tag{5}$$Solving for dS then gives the desired relationship.

Firstly note that the total differential of $S(p,T)$ is


so your question amounts to evaluating the two partial derivatives.

For the first partial derivative, I think one simple possibility is to note that $G = H - TS$ and hence $S = (H - G)/T$. Therefore

\begin{align} \pdiff{S}{p}{T} &= \pdiff{}{p}{T}\frac{H - G}{T} \\ &= \frac{1}{T}\left[\pdiff{H}{p}{T} - \pdiff{G}{p}{T}\right] \\ &= \frac{1}{T}\left[\pdiff{H}{p}{T} - V\right] \end{align}

using the equation $\md G = V\,\md p - S\,\md T$ which implies $(\partial G/\partial p)_T = V$.

In case you're wondering where the First Law comes in: you need the First Law to derive that equation for $\md G$, via $\md U = \md q + \md w = T\,\md S - p\,\md V$.

The second partial derivative is straightforward: under constant pressure,

$$\md S = \frac{\md q_\mathrm{rev}}{T} = \frac{C_p\,\md T}{T} \Longrightarrow \pdiff{S}{T}{p} = \frac{C_p}{T} \endgroup$$