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From Graphene superconductors may be less exotic than physicists hoped[1]:

Excitement rose earlier this year with the discovery of superconductivity in a similar system[2]: three layers of graphene twisted at their own special angle. Both systems shared a rare, 180-degree rotational symmetry, which theorists argued could support an especially exotic form of superconductivity based on electron vortices known as skyrmions.

But the new incarnation of superconducting graphene appears strikingly plain.

Graphene has six-carbon rings like graphite, and is aromatic, so shouldn't it exhibit 60-degree symmetry or maybe 120?

What am I missing?

References:

[1]: Graphene superconductors may be less exotic than physicists hoped
https://www.quantamagazine.org/graphene-superconductors-may-be-less-exotic-than-physicists-hoped-20210614/
(accessed Jun 15, 2021).

[2]: A new twist reveals superconductivity’s secrets
https://www.quantamagazine.org/graphenes-new-twist-reveals-superconductivitys-secrets-20210316/
(accessed Jun 15, 2021).

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    $\begingroup$ $180^\circ$ rotational symmetry is, to put it mildly, about as rare as cow manure in the field. Yes, I know this is a direct quotation from Quanta, which I appreciate as a respectable source, but this particular statement quacks like a nonsense and walks like a nonsense, so I call it nonsense. $\endgroup$
    – Ivan Neretin
    Jun 14, 2021 at 22:03
  • $\begingroup$ The publication lacks a clear illustration. Taking graphen's grid (this article points to this one), rotate it by 180 degrees (flat, staying in the plane of drawing) and move it a little, you probably may superimpose the position of the orange dots with those in turquoise. Is it this? Or the later one about Skyrmion pairs, one clock- and the other counterclockwise turning vortex? $\endgroup$
    – Buttonwood
    Jun 15, 2021 at 15:56
  • $\begingroup$ @IvanNeretin I thoroughly disagree that the statement "quacks like a nonsense and walks like a nonsense". $\endgroup$
    – uhoh
    Jun 23, 2021 at 8:34
  • $\begingroup$ Any further thoughts on this? I cant think of anything more to add to my answer, but I can add a bounty or you can post a link to this in one of the Matter Modeling SE chat rooms, there's some interest in twist there. $\endgroup$
    – uhoh
    Mar 11, 2022 at 8:20

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I will take a stab at this, tl;dr: graphene is flat, most 2D hexagonal lattice materials have a buckled structure so only have three-fold rotational symmetry even though their translational lattice has six-fold symmetry. But flat graphene's structure has sixfold rotational symmetry and sixfold includes two-fold whereas threefold doesn't.

And if that tl;dr is still too long so didn't read, translation and rotation are different animals, and hexagons are just plain weird.

From the link in the question:

Key to the skyrmion story is the 180-degree rotational symmetry that dictates electron transfers between the triangular sublattices. A rectangle has that same symmetry. A hexagon has it. A rectangular or hexagonal lattice has it. But stacking and twisting sheets of just about anything besides graphene breaks it. At last, Vishwanath and his colleagues were able to explain why the zoo of twisted lattices had failed to superconduct.

The question asks:

Graphene has six-carbon rings like graphite, and is aromatic, so shouldn't it exhibit 60-degree symmetry or maybe 120?

Yes, a single layer or stacked and aligned layers of a hexagonal lattice honeycomb Xene will have 120 or 60 degree symmetry, depending on if it's flat or buckled.

What am I missing?

Graphene sheets are flat whereas most Xenes are buckled; go around a ring and the atoms alternate up-down-up-down-up-down out of plane.

The lattice (a mathematical thing indicating how you can translate the structure such that it looks the same) is hexagonal. A hexagonal lattice has 180 degree symmetry as well as 120 and 60 degree symmetry.

But the basis

doesn't have to have the same symmetry as the lattice!

The crystal structure consists of the same group of atoms, the basis, positioned around each and every lattice point. This group of atoms therefore repeats indefinitely in three dimensions according to the arrangement of one of the Bravais lattices. The characteristic rotation and mirror symmetries of the unit cell is described by its crystallographic point group.

In 2D we enumerate the symmetries of the basis in what's called the "wallpaper group". See the many links in my Math SE question Are planar symmetry groups and wallpaper groups the same things?

So...

while graphene looks the same rotated 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 degrees, buckled honeycombs only look the same at 0, 120, 240 and 360 degrees, skipping 180 degrees.

Sigma and pi bonds in graphene. Sigma bonds result from an overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals, whereas pi bonds emerge from tunneling between the protruding pz orbitals.

Sigma and pi bonds in graphene. Sigma bonds result from an overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals, whereas pi bonds emerge from tunneling between the protruding pz orbitals. image source

Example of a typical Xene that's buckled:

Balls and sticks model of a single layer buckled hexagonal lattice of silicene, the buckling is marked by buckling height δ. The in-plane unit cell composed of two silicon atoms is highlighted.

Balls and sticks model of a single layer buckled hexagonal lattice of silicene, the buckling is marked by buckling height δ. The in-plane unit cell composed of two silicon atoms is highlighted. source

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