# How can a nonlinear field gradient be generated in NMR?

I am working on the topic of optimal control in NMR, where spins undergo non-unitary evolution caused by gradient field pulses at different time intervals. I am studying the effects of this on the spin dynamics.

For my project I need a particular kind of gradient field as given by the equation $$-z\exp(-z^2)$$, where $$z$$ is the the spatial position of the region from center of the sample. All the books I had referred to (Levitt's Spin Dynamics and Keeler's Understanding NMR Spectroscopy) talk about constant gradients. So I have no idea if it is possible to create even an approximation of a spatially varying gradient as given here.

In particular, I need my field due to the gradient to look like a delta function in space. So I thought of using a derivative of a Gaussian with a small standard deviation as an approximation, which is the equation given above.

• Btw., do you need a pulsed gradient, or can it be static? How many T/m, and how many T in $B_0$? – Karl Jan 4 at 9:36
• Do I understand correctly that you want B(z) to be two plateaus of different amplitude, connected by a linear slope? – Karl Jan 4 at 11:55
• Yes ,the approximation to what I am asking would be two plateaus connected by a linear slope – iamram Jan 4 at 12:17

Regular off-the-shelve pulsed field gradient (PFG) systems only give linear gradients, obviously. However you can produce higher-order gradients with your shim coils, normally to compensate similar opposing unwanted gradients in the field of the main magnet.

So, by manipulating the shim set, you can create any odd gradient field that you can sufficiently approximate with the terms that your shim system supplies (usually up to 5th order in $$z$$). To find out what exactly the terms are (coordinates and absolute amplitudes), you can image them using the regular PFG system.

There are two hitches: You cannot switch the shim system quite so fast as the dedicated PFG set, and the "room temperature" shim system isn't nearly as powerful as a PFG, so you are limited in terms of gradient strength. (The "cryoshims" are stronger, but you cannot switch them, as they are superconducting.)

So, if you're OK with a static gradient of low amplitude, you can go straight ahead. If you need it to be pulsed, give it a try. It's been done before, switching shim currents during a pulse sequence. Very good chance to really get to know the insides of your spectrometer system.

If you're secretly an engineer also, check my other answer. ;)

• Ah, I now remember seeing an example of this in the wild! Loening, N. M.; Keeler, J.; Morris, G. A. One-Dimensional DOSY. J. Magn. Reson. 2001, 153 (1), 103–112. DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2423. (Or free version accessible here.) – orthocresol Jan 4 at 12:02
• Thanks for your reply, the paper you have attached seems to have employed something similar to what I am asking.It will be of great help – iamram Jan 4 at 12:14
• @orthocresol Tnx! It is to be hoped that OP can get away without hardware manipulations today. ;-) – Karl Jan 4 at 12:16

As an alternative to (ab)using the shim coils:

For a powerful arbitrary PFG in $$z$$ direction (in a cryomagnet), you could just go and wind your own gradient coil. In typical high-field gradient probes, the coil is a user exchangeable part, and specifically z-coils are not hard to design and build. (Coils with x & y components are definitely harder both in math and in fabrication.)

The literature is full of accounts of people building their own probes, and if you have a competent mechanical workshop available in your institute, I say you can pull this off in a few months at low cost.